太上

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Chinese

		too (much); very; extremely too (much); very; extremely; highest; greatest	up; on; on top up; on; on top; upon; first; previous or last; upper; higher; above; previous; to climb; to go into; to go up
simp. and trad. (太上)		太	上

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tàishàng

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄞˋ ㄕㄤˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tàishàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄞˋ ㄕㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tàishàng
  - Wade–Giles: tʻai⁴-shang⁴
  - Yale: tài-shàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tayshanq
  - Palladius: тайшан (tajšan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/

Middle Chinese: thajH dzyangH

Rime
Character	太	上
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	透 (6)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	他蓋切	時亮切
Baxter	thajH	dzyangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰɑi^H/	/d͡ʑɨɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰɑi^H/	/d͡ʑiɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɑi^H/	/d͡ʑiɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰaj^H/	/d͡ʑɨaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/tʰɑi^H/	/ʑiaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/tʰɑi^H/	/ʑĭaŋ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tʰɑi^H/	/ʑi̯aŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tài	shàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	taai³	soeng⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤa-s daŋʔ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*tʰaːds djaŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	太	上
Reading #	1/1	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tài	shàng
Middle Chinese	‹ thaj^H ›	‹ dzyang^H ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ˁa-s/	/*daŋʔ-s/
English	great	top, above (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	太	上
Reading #	1/1	2/2
No.	1937	11103
Phonetic component	大	上
Rime group	祭	陽
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	泰	尚
Old Chinese	/*tʰaːds/	/*djaŋs/

Adverb

太上

(archaic) first; firstly; above all; first and foremost
- 太上不生惡，其次而能夙絕之也，其下復而能改也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  太上不生恶，其次而能夙绝之也，其下复而能改也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: c. 1st century BCE, The Elder Dai's Book of Rites (《大戴禮記》)
  Tàishàng bù shēng è, qícì ér néng sù jué zhī yě, qíxià fù ér néng gǎi yě.
  First of all, do not engender evil. Failing that, next do one's best to terminate the wrongs early. Still next, try to redress the grievances and change one's ways.
- 太上不辱先，其次不辱身。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: Sima Qian, 1st century BCE, Letter to Ren An. Translated by Burton Watson.
  Tàishàng bù rǔ xiān, qícì bù rǔ shēn.
  Above all, a man must not bring shame to his forebears. Next he must not shame his person.

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