孤

Translingual

Han character

孤 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+5 in Chinese, 子+6 in Japanese, 8 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓木竹女人 (NDHVO), four-corner 1243₀, composition ⿰子瓜)

Derived characters

• 𦋆, 箛, 𦣮, 菰, 𡍢, 𡦈, 𡦶, 𢮩, 𣔞, 𦁣, 𧍆, 𨂗, 𨔌, 𩸰, 𪂮, 𪂲, 𪧄, 𪽵, 𫛈

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 279, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6966
• Dae Jaweon: page 547, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1014, character 1
• Unihan data for U+5B64

Chinese

Glyph origin

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaː) : semantic 子 (“child”) + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː).

Etymology

Related to 寡 (OC *kʷraːʔ, “alone; widow”), 鰥 (OC *kruːn, *kruːns, “widower”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Definitions

孤

1. orphaned; parentless
2. alone; solitary
3. orphan
4. (usually by an emperor or a king) I

   • 秦伯素服郊次，鄉師而哭曰：「孤違蹇叔，以辱二三子，孤之罪也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     秦伯素服郊次，乡师而哭曰：「孤违蹇叔，以辱二三子，孤之罪也。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Qín bó sùfú jiāocì, xiàng shī ér kū yuē: “Gū wéi Jiǎnshū, yǐ rǔ èrsānzǐ, gū zhī zuì yě.”

     The earl of Qin, in white mourning garments, was waiting for them in the borders of the capital, and wept, looking in the direction where the army had been lost. He said, "I have gone against the counsel of Jian Shu and thus brought disgrace on you, my generals; it is my crime."

Compounds

References

• “孤”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. solitude, alone
2. orphan

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)
• Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
• Kun: みなしご (minashigo, 孤); ひとり (hitori, 孤り)

Compounds

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 孤 (MC ku).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) こ​ (Atamadaka – )
• IPA^(key):

Noun

孤(こ) • (ko) 

1. an orphan
2. solitude

Adjective

孤(こ) • (ko) -na (adnominal 孤(こ)な (ko na), adverbial 孤(こ)に (ko ni))

1. solitary

Etymology 2

Jukujikun kanji use for the term みなしご, itself a compound of 身 (mi, “identity, family”) + 無 (nashi, “none, without”) + 子 (ko, “child”). The final syllable's ko reading changes to go due to rendaku (連濁).

Alternative forms

• 孤児

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

• IPA^(key): /mi.na.si.ɡo/, ,

Noun

孤(みなしご) • (minashigo) 

1. orphan

References

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 孤 (MC ku). Recorded as Middle Korean 고 (kwo) (Yale: ko) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

孤

Wikisource

孤 (eumhun 외로울 고 (oeroul go))

1. Hanja form^? of 고 (“solitude; orphan”).

Compounds

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

孤: Hán Nôm readings: cô, co, còi, côi, go, gò

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