官僚主義
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See also: 官僚主义
Chinese
| bureaucratic; bureaucrat; apparatchik | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (官僚主義) | 官僚 | 主義 | |
| simp. (官僚主义) | 官僚 | 主义 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄢ ㄌㄧㄠˊ ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: guanliáo jhǔyì
- Wade–Giles: kuan1-liao2 chu3-i4
- Yale: gwān-lyáu jǔ-yì
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guanliau juuyih
- Palladius: гуаньляо чжуи (guanʹljao čžui)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku̯än⁵⁵ li̯ɑʊ̯³⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ i⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: gun1 liu4 zyu2 ji6
- Yale: gūn lìuh jyú yih
- Cantonese Pinyin: gun1 liu4 dzy2 ji6
- Guangdong Romanization: gun1 liu4 ju2 yi6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuːn⁵⁵ liːu̯²¹ t͡syː³⁵ jiː²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
Noun
官僚主義
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 官 | 僚 | 主 | 義 |
| かん Grade: 4 |
りょう Grade: S |
しゅ Grade: 3 |
ぎ Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi | |||
Pronunciation
Noun
官僚主義 • (kanryōshugi) ←くわんれうしゆぎ (kwanreusyugi)?
References
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “官僚主義
”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
Korean
| Hanja in this term | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 官 | 僚 | 主 | 義 |