封建
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Chinese
to confer; to grant; to seal to confer; to grant; to seal; (a measure word) |
to establish; to found; to set up to establish; to found; to set up; to build; to construct | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (封建) |
封 | 建 | |
Etymology
From Zuozhuan:
- 昔周公弔二叔之不鹹，故封建親戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Xī Zhōugōng diào èrshū zhī bùxián, gù fēngjiàn qīnqī yǐ fánpíng Zhōu.
- Formerly, the Duke of Zhou grieved that two royal uncles (Guan Shu Xian & Cai Shu Du) were not in accord with him. That is why he enfeoffed ("封" fēng) and established ("建" jiàn) kinsmen and relatives as a hedge and a screen for Zhou.
昔周公吊二叔之不咸，故封建亲戚以蕃屏周。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
「封建」 in the Classic of Poetry is considered an unrelated sum-of-parts meaning 「大建」[1] " make grandly secure[2] ~ grandly establish[3]".
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄈㄥ ㄐㄧㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: fongjiàn
- Wade–Giles: fêng1-chien4
- Yale: fēng-jyàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fengjiann
- Palladius: фэнцзянь (fɛnczjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /fɤŋ⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: fung1 gin3
- Yale: fūng gin
- Cantonese Pinyin: fung1 gin3
- Guangdong Romanization: fung1 gin3
- Sinological IPA (key): /fʊŋ⁵⁵ kiːn³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Southern Min
- Wu
Noun
封建
- (historical) fengjian (a system of enfeoffment in ancient China); (by extension) feudalism; European feudalism
- 眾封建，非以私賢也，所以便勢全威，所以博義。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
- Zhòng fēngjiàn, fēi yǐ sī xián yě, suǒyǐ biàn shì quán wēi, suǒyǐ bó yì.
- They enfeoffed a multitude, not because of any personal interest in worthies, but because this was the most convenient way to exercise control and keep their majesty intact, as well as the way to extend the rule of justice.
众封建，非以私贤也，所以便势全威，所以博义。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 聖賢生於其時，（亦）無以立於天下，封建者為之也。豈聖人之制使至於是乎？吾固曰：「非聖人之意也，勢也。」 [MSC, trad.]
- From: Liu Zongyuan,《封建論》On Investiture, 9th century CE (translated by Nolan Bensen)
- Shèngxián shēng yú qíshí, (yì) wú yǐ lì yú tiānxià, fēngjiàn zhě wèi zhī yě. Qǐ shèngrén zhī zhì shǐ zhì yúshì hū? Wú gù yuē: “Fēi shèngrén zhī yì yě, shì yě.”
- Even if the Sages and Worthies lived during this period, they would also be unable to establish themselves within the Realm, invested lords would instead do this. How can the system of the Sages' own design bring about this problem? I emphatically say, 'It was not designed by the Sages, but merely by circumstance.'
圣贤生于其时，（亦）无以立于天下，封建者为之也。岂圣人之制使至于是乎？吾固曰：「非圣人之意也，势也。」 [MSC, simp.]
Synonyms
- (feudalism):
Derived terms
Adjective
封建
Synonyms
- (stuffy):
References
- ^ Zhu Xi, compiler (12th century), 《詩經集傳》, volume 8
- ^ James Legge, transl. (1879) [11th - 7th century BCE], “Ode 5. The Yin Wû”, in The Shih King, or, Book of Poetry (Sacred Books of the East), volume 3
- ^ Durrant, Li, & Schaberg, transl. (2016) [c. 300 BCE], Zuo tradition: Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals, Seattle, London: University of Washington Press, page 1177
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 封 | 建 |
| ほう Grade: S |
けん Grade: 4 |
| kan'on | |
Pronunciation
Noun
Derived terms
- 封建制度 (hōkenseido)
Korean
| Hanja in this term | |
|---|---|
| 封 | 建 |
Noun
Vietnamese
| chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
|---|---|
| 封 | 建 |
Adjective
封建
- chữ Hán form of phong kiến (“feudal”).