強

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See also: 强 and 彊
強 U+5F37, 強
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F37
← 弶
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 弸 →

Translingual

Japanese 強
Simplified 强
Traditional 強

Han character

強 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈中戈 (NILI), four-corner 13236, composition ⿰弓𧈧 or ⿸弘虫)

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 359, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9815
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 999, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+5F37

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 強
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (強) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
繈 *kaŋʔ
襁 *kaŋʔ
膙 *kaŋʔ
鏹 *kaŋʔ
勥 *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ
強 *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ

Zhengzhang (2003): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 弘 (OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).

The character 強 likely originally referred to the rice weevil, an insect that attacks rice and several other crops, before being phonetically borrowed to represent the sense of "strong; powerful", which was previously represented by the character 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ).

Etymology

(egg): Typo of 蛋; they have the same keystrokes in Simplified Cangjie.

Pronunciation 1

trad. 強/强
simp. 强
alternative forms 彊

Note:
  • kiûⁿ - vernacular;
  • kiông/kiâng - literary.
Note:
  • kiang5 - "strong", "forceful";
  • gion5/giên5 - "superior, better" (giên5 - Chaozhou).
Rime
Character 強
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 巨良切
Baxter gjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ɡiaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/gi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qiáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		koeng4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 強
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qiáng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gjang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*N-kaŋ/
English strong

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 強
Reading # 1/2
No. 10318
Phonetic
component 		强
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		強
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡaŋ/
Notes 彊省聲而非弘聲，
通借爲彊

Definitions

強

  1. strong; powerful; energetic
  2. to strengthen
  3. staunch; strong-willed
  4. brutal; forceful
    強拖乘客下機／强拖乘客下机  ―  qiángtuō chéngkè xiàjī  ―  to forcefully drag a passenger off the plane
  5. capable; of a high level
  6. superior; better
  7. slightly more than; plus
    四分之一強／四分之一强  ―  sì fēnzhī yī qiáng  ―  a bit more than a fourth
  8. final contestants in a competition; finalist
  9. (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, sometimes deliberate) Misspelling of 蛋 (dàn).

Synonyms

  • (strong): (literary) 鴻／鸿 (hóng)

Antonyms

Compounds

Pronunciation 2

trad. 強/强
simp. 强
alternative forms 彊

Rime
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 其兩切
Baxter gjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gɨaŋX/
Li
Rong 		/ɡiaŋX/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭaŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/gi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		goeng6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qiǎng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gjangX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-kaŋʔ/
English make an effort

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
No. 10319
Phonetic
component 		强
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		勥
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡaŋʔ/
Notes 彊字注或體

Definitions

強

  1. to force; to compel; to coerce
    勉強／勉强  ―  miǎnqiǎng  ―  to force somebody to do something
  2. to strive

Compounds

Pronunciation 3

trad. 強/强
simp. 强
alternative forms 犟
勥
彊

Rime
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 其兩切
Baxter gjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡiɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gɨaŋX/
Li
Rong 		/ɡiaŋX/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭaŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/gi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		goeng6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qiǎng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gjangX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-kaŋʔ/
English make an effort

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 強
Reading # 2/2
No. 10319
Phonetic
component 		强
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		勥
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡaŋʔ/
Notes 彊字注或體

Definitions

強

  1. † hard; stiff
  2. stubborn; obstinate
  3. a surname

Compounds

Pronunciation 4

For pronunciation and definitions of 強 – see 勥 (“to compel; valiant; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 勥).

References

Japanese

Kanji

強

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. strong
    Antonym: 弱
  2. strength
  3. powerful
  4. potent

Readings

Compounds

Derived terms

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
強
きょう
Grade: 2
on’yomi

Pronunciation

(as a noun)

Noun

強(きょう) • (kyō) 

  1. strength

Suffix

強(きょう) • (-kyō) 

  1. (lengths of time) slightly more than
Antonyms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
強
つよし
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

Proper noun

強(つよし) • (Tsuyoshi) 

  1. a male given name

References

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 強 (MC gjang, “strong”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 까ᇰ (Yale: kkàng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 힘〮셀〯 (Yale: hím sěyl) 가ᇰ (Yale: kàng)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

強 (eumhun 강할 강 (ganghal gang))

  1. Hanja form? of 강 (“strong; strength”).
    Antonym: 弱 (약 (yak))

Compounds

Compounds

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 強 (MC gjangX, “make an effort”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 까ᇰ〮 (Yale: kkáng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 힘ᄡᅳᆯ (Yale: him psul) 강 (Yale: kang)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key):
  • Phonetic hangul:
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

強 (eumhun 힘쓸 강 (himsseul gang))

  1. Hanja form? of 강 (“to force; to coerce”).
  2. Hanja form? of 강 (“stubborn; obstinate”).

Compounds

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

強: Hán Việt readings: cường, cưỡng
強: Nôm readings: càng, cượng, cướng, gắng, cường, gàn, ngượng, cưỡng, gương, gượng, gàng

Compounds

Adverb

強 • (càng)

  1. Nôm form of càng (“With a comparative or verb phrase, establishes a parallel with one or more other such comparatives.; all the more, all the less”).
    • 18th–19th century, Hồ Xuân Hương (胡春香), Vịnh quạt (詠𦑗):
      強(càng)燶(nóng)包(bao)饒(nhiêu)辰(thời)強(càng)沫(mát)/要(yêu)店(đêm)諸(chưa)斐(phỉ)吏(lại)要(yêu)𣈜(ngày)
      The hotter you get, the more refreshing you get / It wasn’t enough to love at night, now we love during the day.

References

  • Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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