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恐 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP) or 難一弓心 (XMNP), four-corner 17331, composition ⿱⿰工凡心(GJKV) or ⿱⿰工⿹⺄㐅心(HT))
trad. | 恐 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 恐 | |
alternative forms |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ |
篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ |
贑 | *kluːmʔ |
涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
江 | *kroːŋ |
肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ |
扛 | *kroːŋ |
杠 | *kroːŋ |
豇 | *kroːŋ |
茳 | *kroːŋ |
釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
矼 | *kroːŋ |
玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ |
虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ |
腔 | *kʰroːŋ |
崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
羫 | *kʰroːŋ |
控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ |
啌 | *qʰroːŋ |
谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ |
舡 | *qʰroːŋ |
缻 | *ɡroːŋ |
項 | *ɡroːŋʔ |
屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ |
功 | *koːŋ |
工 | *koːŋ |
疘 | *koːŋ |
魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ |
攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
愩 | *koːŋ |
碽 | *koːŋ |
貢 | *koːŋs |
羾 | *koːŋs |
空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
箜 | *kʰoːŋ |
硿 | *kʰoːŋ |
埪 | *kʰoːŋ |
鵼 | *kʰoːŋ |
倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs |
鞚 | *kʰoːŋs |
叿 | *qʰoːŋ |
嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ |
訌 | *ɡoːŋ |
紅 | *ɡoːŋ |
仜 | *ɡoːŋ |
葒 | *ɡoːŋ |
渱 | *ɡoːŋ |
鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ |
汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
鞏 | *koŋʔ |
巩 | *koŋʔ |
銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ |
恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs |
蛩 | *ɡoŋ |
筇 | *ɡoŋ |
桏 | *ɡoŋ |
邛 | *ɡoŋ |
In the Shuowen Jiezi appears as phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 𢀜 () + semantic 心 (“heart”). The modern form can be interpreted as phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs) : phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) + semantic 心 (“heart”)
Variety | Location | 恐 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /kʰuŋ²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /kʰuŋ²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /kʰuŋ¹³/ | |
Jinan | /kʰuŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /kʰəŋ⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ | |
Xining | /kʰuə̃⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /kʰũn⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /kʰuŋ⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /kʰoŋ⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /kʰoŋ⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /kʰoŋ⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /kʰoŋ⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /kʰoŋ²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /kʰəŋ²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /kʰuəŋ⁵³/ |
Pingyao | /kʰuŋ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /kʰũŋ³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /kʰoŋ³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /kʰoŋ⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /kʰoŋ⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /t͡ɕʰyɔ³⁵/ /kʰoŋ³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /kʰuʌ̃³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /kʰan³¹/ ~怖 /t͡ɕʰin³¹/ ~怕 | |
Xiang | Changsha | /kʰoŋ⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /kʰən⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /kʰuŋ²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kʰiuŋ³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /kʰioŋ³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hoŋ³⁵/ |
Nanning | /kʰuŋ³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /huŋ³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kʰiɔŋ⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kʰyŋ³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kʰɔŋ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /kʰioŋ⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /xɔŋ³¹/ |
恐
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
恐 (eumhun 두려울 공 (duryeoul gong))
恐: Hán Việt readings: khúng, khủng
恐: Nôm readings: khủng, thứ
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