悩む

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
なや
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
惱む (kyūjitai)

Etymology

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE.[1][2]

May be derived from 萎える (naeru, to weaken; to wither; to bend; to become limp; to become listless),[1] from the classical form 萎ゆ (nayu) in the irrealis verb stem naya- + suppositional suffix (mu).

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「悩む
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
悩む
Imperative (命令形) 悩め
Key constructions
Passive 悩まれる やまれ
Causative 悩ませる やませ
Potential 悩める やめ
Volitional 悩もう やも
Negative 悩まない やまない
Negative perfective 悩まなかった やまなかった
Formal 悩みます やみま
Perfective 悩んだ んだ
Conjunctive 悩んで んで
Hypothetical conditional 悩めば めば

Verb

(なや) (nayamutransitive or intransitive godan (stem (なや) (nayami), past (なや)んだ (nayanda))

Japanese verb pair
active 悩ます, 悩める
mediopassive 悩む
  1. (intransitive) (in reaction to something not going as expected) to worry, to be bothered, to be emotionally distressed, to dwell on, to be vexed
    Synonyms: 心配する (shinpai suru, to worry), 思い煩う (omoiwazurau, to be anxious about, to dwell on), 困る (komaru, to be stuck, to be in difficulty), 当惑する (tōwaku suru, to be perplexed)
  2. (intransitive) to suffer physically, to suffer physical distress; to fall ill, to get sick
    Synonyms: 苦しむ (kurushimu, to suffer), 悶える (modaeru, to be anguished), 病む (yamu, to get sick)
  3. (intransitive, auxiliary) (attaches to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of another verb) to get stuck, to go sideways, to not go well
    (ゆき)(なや)
    yukinayamu
    to be deadlocked, to be stuck, to make no progress
  4. (transitive, archaic) to make do, to manage to do
    Synonym: 工面する (kumen suru)
  5. (transitive, archaic) to deal with a difficulty, to manage a challenge, to handle something
    Synonyms: あしらう (ashirau), 取り扱う (toriatsukau)

Usage notes

In modern Japanese, this verb is intransitive. In Classical Japanese, it appears in some texts as transitive.

Conjugation

Verb

(なや) (nayamutransitive nidan

  1. to vex, to cause distress: see modern (なや)める (nayameru)
    Synonym: 悩ます (nayamasu)

Conjugation

Derived terms

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^
    c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3694:
    , text here
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.