Kanji in this term |
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悩 |
なや Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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惱む (kyūjitai) |
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū completed in 759 CE.[1][2]
May be derived from 萎える (naeru, “to weaken; to wither; to bend; to become limp; to become listless”),[1] from the classical form 萎ゆ (nayu) in the irrealis verb stem naya- + suppositional suffix む (mu).
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
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Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
悩む | なやむ | |
Imperative (命令形) | 悩め | なやめ | |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 悩まれる | なやまれる | |
Causative | 悩ませる | なやませる | |
Potential | 悩める | なやめる | |
Volitional | 悩もう | なやもー | |
Negative | 悩まない | なやまない | |
Negative perfective | 悩まなかった | なやまなかった | |
Formal | 悩みます | なやみます | |
Perfective | 悩んだ | なやんだ | |
Conjunctive | 悩んで | なやんで | |
Hypothetical conditional | 悩めば | なやめば |
悩む • (nayamu) transitive or intransitive godan (stem 悩み (nayami), past 悩んだ (nayanda))
Japanese verb pair | |
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active | 悩ます, 悩める |
mediopassive | 悩む |
In modern Japanese, this verb is intransitive. In Classical Japanese, it appears in some texts as transitive.
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
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Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 悩ま | なやま | nayama |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 悩み | なやみ | nayami |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 悩まれる | なやまれる | nayamareru |
Causative | 悩ませる 悩ます |
なやませる なやます |
nayamaseru nayamasu |
Potential | 悩める | なやめる | nayameru |
Volitional | 悩もう | なやもう | nayamō |
Negative | 悩まない | なやまない | nayamanai |
Negative continuative | 悩まず | なやまず | nayamazu |
Formal | 悩みます | なやみます | nayamimasu |
Perfective | 悩んだ | なやんだ | nayanda |
Conjunctive | 悩んで | なやんで | nayande |
Hypothetical conditional | 悩めば | なやめば | nayameba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 悩ま | なやま | nayama |
Continuative (連用形) | 悩み | なやみ | nayami |
Terminal (終止形) | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
Attributive (連体形) | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
Realis (已然形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Imperative (命令形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 悩まず | なやまず | nayamazu |
Contrasting conjunction | 悩めど | なやめど | nayamedo |
Causal conjunction | 悩めば | なやめば | nayameba |
Conditional conjunction | 悩まば | なやまば | nayamaba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 悩みき | なやみき | nayamiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 悩みけり | なやみけり | nayamikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 悩みつ | なやみつ | nayamitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 悩みぬ | なやみぬ | nayaminu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 悩めり 悩みたり |
なやめり なやみたり |
nayameri nayamitari |
Volitional | 悩まむ | なやまむ | nayamamu |
悩む • (nayamu) transitive †nidan
Stem forms | |||
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Irrealis (未然形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Continuative (連用形) | 悩め | なやめ | nayame |
Terminal (終止形) | 悩む | なやむ | nayamu |
Attributive (連体形) | 悩むる | なやむる | nayamuru |
Realis (已然形) | 悩むれ | なやむれ | nayamure |
Imperative (命令形) | 悩めよ | なやめよ | nayameyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 悩めず | なやめず | nayamezu |
Contrasting conjunction | 悩むれど | なやむれど | nayamuredo |
Causal conjunction | 悩むれば | なやむれば | nayamureba |
Conditional conjunction | 悩めば | なやめば | nayameba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 悩めき | なやめき | nayameki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 悩めけり | なやめけり | nayamekeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 悩めつ | なやめつ | nayametu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 悩めぬ | なやめぬ | nayamenu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 悩めたり | なやめたり | nayametari |
Volitional | 悩めむ | なやめむ | nayamemu |