悲哀

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Chinese

sad; sadness; sorrow
sad; sadness; sorrow; grief
 
sorrow; grief; pity
sorrow; grief; pity; to grieve for; to pity; to lament
 
trad. (悲哀) 悲 哀
simp. #(悲哀) 悲 哀

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 悲 哀
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 幫 (1) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 脂 (17) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III I
Fanqie 府眉切 烏開切
Baxter pij 'oj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pˠiɪ/ /ʔʌi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/pᵚi/ /ʔəi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/piɪ/ /ʔɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/pji/ /ʔəj/
Li
Rong 		/pji/ /ʔᴀi/
Wang
Li 		/pi/ /ɒi/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/pi/ /ʔɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		bī āi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		bei1 oi1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 悲 哀
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		bēi āi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ pij › ‹ ʔoj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*prəj/ /*ʔˁəj/
English sad to pity; sad

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 悲 哀
Reading # 1/1 1/1
No. 3067 14835
Phonetic
component 		非 衣
Rime
group 		微 微
Rime
subdivision 		1 1
Corresponding
MC rime 		悲 哀
Old
Chinese 		/*prɯl/ /*qɯːl/

Adjective

悲哀

  1. sorrowful; sad

Synonyms

Japanese

Kanji in this term
悲 哀
ひ
Grade: 3 		あい
Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

悲(ひ)哀(あい) • (hiai) ←ひあい (fiai)?

  1. sorrow, sadness
    サラリーマン生(せい)活(かつ)の悲(ひ)哀(あい)
    sararīman seikatsu no hiai
    the sorrows of the life of an office worker

Synonyms

Adjective

悲(ひ)哀(あい) • (hiai) ←ひあい (fiai)?-na (adnominal 悲(ひ)哀(あい)な (hiai na), adverbial 悲(ひ)哀(あい)に (hiai ni))

  1. pitiful; pathetic; miserable

Inflection

Inflection of 悲哀
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 悲哀だろ ひあいだろ hiai daro
Continuative (連用形) 悲哀で ひあいで hiai de
Terminal (終止形) 悲哀だ ひあいだ hiai da
Attributive (連体形) 悲哀な ひあいな hiai na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 悲哀なら ひあいなら hiai nara
Imperative (命令形) 悲哀であれ ひあいであれ hiai de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 悲哀ではない
悲哀じゃない 		ひあいではない
ひあいじゃない 		hiai de wa nai
hiai ja nai
Informal past 悲哀だった ひあいだった hiai datta
Informal negative past 悲哀ではなかった
悲哀じゃなかった 		ひあいではなかった
ひあいじゃなかった 		hiai de wa nakatta
hiai ja nakatta
Formal 悲哀です ひあいです hiai desu
Formal negative 悲哀ではありません
悲哀じゃありません 		ひあいではありません
ひあいじゃありません 		hiai de wa arimasen
hiai ja arimasen
Formal past 悲哀でした ひあいでした hiai deshita
Formal negative past 悲哀ではありませんでした
悲哀じゃありませんでした 		ひあいではありませんでした
ひあいじゃありませんでした 		hiai de wa arimasen deshita
hiai ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 悲哀で ひあいで hiai de
Conditional 悲哀なら（ば） ひあいなら（ば） hiai nara (ba)
Provisional 悲哀だったら ひあいだったら hiai dattara
Volitional 悲哀だろう ひあいだろう hiai darō
Adverbial 悲哀に ひあいに hiai ni
Degree 悲哀さ ひあいさ hiaisa
Classical conjugation of "悲哀なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 悲哀なら ひあいなら fiainara
Continuative (連用形) 悲哀に
悲哀なり		 ひあいに
ひあいなり		 fiaini
fiainari
Terminal (終止形) 悲哀なり ひあいなり fiainari
Attributive (連体形) 悲哀なる ひあいなる fiainaru
Realis (已然形) 悲哀なれ ひあいなれ fiainare
Imperative (命令形) 悲哀なれ ひあいなれ fiainare
Key constructions
Negative 悲哀ならず ひあいならず fiainarazu
Contrasting conjunction 悲哀なれど ひあいなれど fiainaredo
Causal conjunction 悲哀なれば ひあいなれば fiainareba
Conditional conjunction 悲哀ならば ひあいならば fiainaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 悲哀なりき ひあいなりき fiainariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 悲哀なりけり ひあいなりけり fiainarikeri
Adverbial 悲哀に ひあいに fiaini
Without auxiliary verb.
With auxiliary verb.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
悲哀

Noun

悲哀 • (biae) (hangeul 비애)

  1. hanja form? of 비애 (“grief; sorrow; sadness”)
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