悲観

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See also: 悲觀

Japanese

Kanji in this term
悲 観
ひ
Grade: 3 		かん
Grade: 4
on'yomi
Alternative spelling
悲觀 (kyūjitai)

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 悲觀 (“compassionate view”, literally “view of pity”), a Buddhist term. Compare 慈悲 (jihi, “compassion”). Reanalyzed as 悲 (“sadness”) +‎ 観 (“outlook”).

Pronunciation

Noun

悲(ひ)観(かん) • (hikan) 

  1. (Buddhism) a compassionate world view that motivates individuals to help and eliminate suffering
  2. pessimism
    Antonym: 楽観
  3. despair; discouragement

Derived terms

Verb

悲(ひ)観(かん)する • (hikan suru) transitive or intransitive suru (stem 悲(ひ)観(かん)し (hikan shi), past 悲(ひ)観(かん)した (hikan shita))

  1. to be pessimistic
  2. to lose hope; to despair; to be disappointed
    選(えら)ばれなくても悲観(ひかん)していない。
    Erabarenakute mo hikan shiteinai.
    I didn't lose hope even after I wasn't selected.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "悲観する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 悲観し ひかんし hikan shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 悲観し ひかんし hikan shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 悲観する ひかんする hikan suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 悲観する ひかんする hikan suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 悲観すれ ひかんすれ hikan sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 悲観せよ¹
悲観しろ² 		ひかんせよ¹
ひかんしろ² 		hikan seyo¹
hikan shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 悲観される ひかんされる hikan sareru
Causative 悲観させる
悲観さす 		ひかんさせる
ひかんさす 		hikan saseru
hikan sasu
Potential 悲観できる ひかんできる hikan dekiru
Volitional 悲観しよう ひかんしよう hikan shiyō
Negative 悲観しない ひかんしない hikan shinai
Negative continuative 悲観せず ひかんせず hikan sezu
Formal 悲観します ひかんします hikan shimasu
Perfective 悲観した ひかんした hikan shita
Conjunctive 悲観して ひかんして hikan shite
Hypothetical conditional 悲観すれば ひかんすれば hikan sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

Descendants

  • → Chinese: 悲觀／悲观 (bēiguān)
  • → Korean: 비관 (bigwan)
  • → Vietnamese: bi quan
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