憚る

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Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
はばか
Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Cognate with 阻む (habamu, to prevent, thwart), 蔓延る (habikoru, to grow dense), and possibly (haba, width).[1][2]

Also cognate with classical adjective 憚し (habashi, hesitant, shy).

Pronunciation

Verb

(はばか) (habakarutransitive or intransitive godan (stem (はばか) (habakari), past (はばか)った (habakatta))

  1. (intransitive) to hesitate, to be afraid to do
    • 2007, 新時代日漢辭典新时代日汉辞典 (Xīn Shídài Rì-hàn Cídiǎn), 1st edition, 大新書局大新书局 (Dàxīn Shūjú), →ISBN:
      (かれ)(はばか)って(なに)()わない
      Kare o habakatte nanimo iwanai
      Afraid to say anything to him
  2. (intransitive) to get full, grow rampant
  3. (intransitive) to throw one’s weight around, to make one’s presence felt
  4. (archaic, transitive) to beware of, be wary of
  5. (archaic, transitive) to abhor, detest
  6. (archaic, transitive) to grieve, hold a funeral service

Conjugation

Derived terms

Idioms

Proverbs

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ ”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Old Japanese

Etymology

From a pab- stem cognate with modern Japanese 阻む (habamu, to prevent, thwart).

Verb

憚る (pabakaru) (kana はばか​る)

  1. (intransitive) to hesitate, to be afraid to do
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4372:
      , text here
      ...阿良志乎母多志波婆可流不破乃世伎久江弖和波由久...
      ...arasi wo mo tasi pabakaru Pupa-no2-seki1 kuyete wa pa yuku...
      Will a wild man hesitate to stand? Across the barrier of Fuwa I go.
  2. (transitive) to beware of, be wary of
    • 720, Nihon Shoki, Emperor Nintoku, fortieth year of reign , second month:
      ; Maeda-bon glosses
      皇后之言、亦敦友于之義而忍之勿
      But was wary of the Empress’s words; out of respect for the rules of brotherhood, he was patient and did not punish .

Derived terms

Descendants

  • Japanese: 憚る (habakaru)