Kanji in this term |
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拘 |
こだわ Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
From こ (ko-, “a small thing: 小, 個”) + たわる (tawaru, “to lose oneself in something, to obsess over something: 戯る, 狂る”). The tawaru changes to dawaru as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Tawaru derives from the same tawa element in words such as 戯ける (tawakeru, “to mess around, to act crazy, to be nonsensical”) or 戯言 (tawagoto, “nonsense, crazy talk”), indicating "actions or state out of the ordinary: eccentricity, preposterousness, absurdity":
tawa + auxiliary verb る (ru, indicating spontaneous or passive action).
Tawa may be the nominalized imperfective form of root verb たう (tau, “to stand up to pressure, to remain unchanged, to last; to be appropriate to a task, to have value: 堪う, 耐う, 勝う”), with the imperfective possibly indicating “not lasting: fickle, changing; not being appropriate, not having value”.
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
こだわる | こだわる | |
Imperative (命令形) | こだわれ | こだわれ | |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | こだわられる | こだわられる | |
Causative | こだわらせる | こだわらせる | |
Potential | こだわれる | こだわれる | |
Volitional | こだわろう | こだわろー | |
Negative | こだわらない | こだわらない | |
Negative perfective | こだわらなかった | こだわらなかった | |
Formal | こだわります | こだわります | |
Perfective | こだわった | こだわった | |
Conjunctive | こだわって | こだわって | |
Hypothetical conditional | こだわれば | こだわれば |
拘る • (kodawaru) ←こだはる (kodafaru)?intransitive godan (stem 拘り (kodawari), past 拘った (kodawatta))
This term is often spelled in hiragana.
Though intransitive, this verb usually takes an indirect object followed by the particle に (ni).
The positive connotations of sense 4 appear to be a more recent development. Some speakers and writers may caution against using the word this way.
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 拘ら | こだわら | kodawara |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 拘り | こだわり | kodawari |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 拘る | こだわる | kodawaru |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 拘る | こだわる | kodawaru |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 拘れ | こだわれ | kodaware |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 拘れ | こだわれ | kodaware |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 拘られる | こだわられる | kodawarareru |
Causative | 拘らせる 拘らす |
こだわらせる こだわらす |
kodawaraseru kodawarasu |
Potential | 拘れる | こだわれる | kodawareru |
Volitional | 拘ろう | こだわろう | kodawarō |
Negative | 拘らない | こだわらない | kodawaranai |
Negative continuative | 拘らず | こだわらず | kodawarazu |
Formal | 拘ります | こだわります | kodawarimasu |
Perfective | 拘った | こだわった | kodawatta |
Conjunctive | 拘って | こだわって | kodawatte |
Hypothetical conditional | 拘れば | こだわれば | kodawareba |
Kanji in this term |
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拘 |
かかわ Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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拘わる 関わる 係わる |
Derived from the explicitly intransitive or passive form of root verb かかう (kakau, “to carry, to be carried: 抱う, 香う”):
kakau > imperfective form kakawa + auxiliary verb る (ru, indicating spontaneous or passive action).
In turn, kakau derives from root verb かく (kaku, “to catch one thing atop another: 掛く, 懸く”):
kaku > imperfective form kaka + auxiliary verb ふ (fu, indicating repetition or ongoing state: modern verb ending う u).
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
係わる | かかわる | |
Imperative (命令形) | 係われ | かかわれ | |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 係わられる | かかわられる | |
Causative | 係わらせる | かかわらせる | |
Potential | 係われる | かかわれる | |
Volitional | 係わろう | かかわろー | |
Negative | 係わらない | かかわらない | |
Negative perfective | 係わらなかった | かかわらなかった | |
Formal | 係わります | かかわります | |
Perfective | 係わった | かかわった | |
Conjunctive | 係わって | かかわって | |
Hypothetical conditional | 係われば | かかわれば |
拘る • (kakawaru) ←かかはる (kakafaru)?intransitive godan (stem 拘り (kakawari), past 拘った (kakawatta))
Usually written in hiragana. When written in kanji, sense 4, “to get hung up on something,” is generally written as 拘る or 拘わる, with the other senses written as 関わる or 係わる.
Though intransitive, this verb usually takes an indirect object followed by the particle に (ni).
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 拘ら | かかわら | kakawara |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 拘り | かかわり | kakawari |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 拘る | かかわる | kakawaru |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 拘る | かかわる | kakawaru |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 拘れ | かかわれ | kakaware |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 拘れ | かかわれ | kakaware |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 拘られる | かかわられる | kakawarareru |
Causative | 拘らせる 拘らす |
かかわらせる かかわらす |
kakawaraseru kakawarasu |
Potential | 拘れる | かかわれる | kakawareru |
Volitional | 拘ろう | かかわろう | kakawarō |
Negative | 拘らない | かかわらない | kakawaranai |
Negative continuative | 拘らず | かかわらず | kakawarazu |
Formal | 拘ります | かかわります | kakawarimasu |
Perfective | 拘った | かかわった | kakawatta |
Conjunctive | 拘って | かかわって | kakawatte |
Hypothetical conditional | 拘れば | かかわれば | kakawareba |