損

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See also: 损

損	U+640D, 損 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-640D

CJK Unified Ideographs

Translingual

Han character

損 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 手口月金 (QRBC), four-corner 5608₆, composition ⿰扌員)

Derived characters

𨆥

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 446, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12459
Dae Jaweon: page 796, character 27
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1931, character 10
Unihan data for U+640D

Chinese

trad.		損
simp.		损
alternative forms		扻 ancient

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (員) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
員	ɢon, ɢun
圓	*ɢon
塤	*qʰon
損	*sqʰuːnʔ
縜	*ɢun
隕	*ɢunʔ
殞	*ɢunʔ
溳	ɢunʔ, ɢun
磒	*ɢunʔ
霣	*ɢunʔ
愪	ɢunʔ, ɢun
勛	*qʰun
鄖	*ɢun
篔	*ɢun
貟	ɢun, ɢuns
韻	*ɢʷɯns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sqʰuːnʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): sǔn (sun³)

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄣˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): syun²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sún
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): sún / sńg / súiⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): sung²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: sǔn
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sǔn
  - Wade–Giles: sun³
  - Yale: swǔn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: soen
  - Palladius: сунь (sunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /su̯ən²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: syun²
  - Yale: syún
  - Cantonese Pinyin: syn²
  - Guangdong Romanization: xun²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /syːn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sún
  - Hakka Romanization System: sun^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: sun³
  - Sinological IPA: /sun³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sún
  - Tâi-lô: sún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: suon
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sun⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /sun⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sun⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sńg
  - Tâi-lô: sńg
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sngr
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /sŋ̍⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sŋ̍⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sŋ̍⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: súiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: suínn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: svuie
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /suĩ⁵³/

Note:

sún - literary;
sńg/súiⁿ - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: sung²
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: súng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /suŋ⁵²/

Middle Chinese: swonX

Rime
Character	損
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	蘇本切
Baxter	swonX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/suən^X/
Pan Wuyun	/suon^X/
Shao Rongfen	/suən^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/swən^X/
Li Rong	/suən^X/
Wang Li	/suən^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/suən^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sǔn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	syun²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʷˤəʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*sqʰuːnʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	損
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sǔn
Middle Chinese	‹ swon^X ›
Old Chinese	/*ʷˁəʔ/
English	diminish, damage
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	損
Reading #	1/1
No.	16202
Phonetic component	員
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	損
Old Chinese	/*sqʰuːnʔ/

Definitions

損

to reduce; to decrease; to cut; to diminish
Antonym: 益 (yì)
to harm; to cause destruction to; to damage
to lose; to forfeit
損失／损失 ― sǔnshī ― to lose
loss; decrease; reduction
- 滿招損，謙受益。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  满招损，谦受益。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Mǎn zhāo sǔn, qiān shòu yì.
  Pride brings loss, and humility receives increase.
(colloquial) to make sarcastic remarks; to act meanly; to mock
(colloquial, chiefly of remarks) acrimonious; caustic; biting; mean (Can we add an example for this sense?) (especially Min Nan)
(Cantonese) to be injured, in the form of an abrasion

Synonyms

(to reduce):

削 (literary, or in compounds)
削減 / 削减 (xuējiǎn)
壓縮 / 压缩 (yāsuō)
撤 (chè)
收縮 / 收缩 (shōusuō)
消減 / 消减 (xiāojiǎn)
減低 / 减低 (jiǎndī)
減削 / 减削 (jiǎnxuè)
減少 / 减少 (jiǎnshǎo)
減損 / 减损 (jiǎnsǔn)
減縮 / 减缩 (jiǎnsuō)
減輕 / 减轻 (jiǎnqīng)
省卻 / 省却 (shěngquè)
砍 (kǎn)
緊縮 / 紧缩 (jǐnsuō)
縮減 / 缩减 (suōjiǎn)
耗
裁 (cái)
裁汰 (cáitài) (literary)
裁減 / 裁减 (cáijiǎn)
鐫汰 / 镌汰 (juāntài) (literary)
降低 (jiàngdī)

(to harm):

傷害 / 伤害 (shānghài)
危及 (wēijí)
危害 (wēihài)
妨害 (fánghài)
戕害 (qiānghài) (literary)
戕賊 / 戕贼 (literary)
損傷 / 损伤 (sǔnshāng)
損害 / 损害 (sǔnhài)
暴害 (bàohài) (literary)
有傷 / 有伤 (yǒushāng) (chiefly used in derived terms)
禍 / 祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
禍害 / 祸害 (huòhài)

(to lose):

喪失 / 丧失 (sàngshī)
失掉 (shīdiào)
損失 / 损失 (sǔnshī)
淪亡 / 沦亡 (lúnwáng)
滅絕 / 灭绝 (mièjué)
虧 / 亏 (kuī)

(to make sarcastic remarks):

(acrimonious):

刻薄 (kèbó)
尖刻 (jiānkè) (chiefly of remarks)
尖酸 (jiānsuān) (chiefly of remarks)
苛刻 (kēkè) (demanding)

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 損

損

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

harm

Readings

Go-on: そん (son, Jōyō)
Kan-on: そん (son, Jōyō)
Kun: そこなう (sokonau, 損なう, Jōyō)^{←そこなふ (sokonafu, 損なふ, historical)}、そこなう (sokonau, 損う)^{←そこなふ (sokonafu, 損ふ, historical)}、そこねる (sokoneru, 損ねる, Jōyō)、へる (heru, 損る)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
損
そん Grade: 5
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 損 (MC swonX).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) そん (Atamadaka – )^[1]
IPA^(key):

Noun

損(そん) • (son) ^{←そん (son)^?}

loss (opposite of gain)
損(そん)を抱(かか)える
son o kakaeru
to sustain a loss

Antonyms

得(とく) (toku, “gain”)

Derived terms

損(そん)する (sonsuru)
損(そん)ずる (sonzuru)
損(そん)じる (sonjiru)

Affix

損(そん) • (son)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Derived terms

損(そん)失(しつ) (sonshitsu, “loss”)

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

損 (eum 손 (son))

Vietnamese

Han character

損: Hán Nôm readings: tốn, tổn, tủn, vin, tỏn

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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