明ける
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Japanese
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 明 |
| あ Grade: 2 |
| kun'yomi |
Cognate with Japanese 開ける (akeru, “to open”) and 空ける (akeru, “to empty”).
Pronunciation
Verb
明ける • (akeru) intransitive ichidan (stem 明け (ake), past 明けた (aketa))
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 明かす |
| mediopassive | 明ける |
- to dawn; to break into daylight
- Antonym: 暮れる
- 夜が明ける。
- Yoru ga akeru.
- Dawn breaks.
- to begin; to open (as an event or season)
- 明けましておめでとう
- akemashite omedetō
- Congratulations, (the New Year) is beginning.
- 明けましておめでとう
- to end; to be over
- 梅雨が明けた。
- Tsuyu ga aketa.
- Rainy season ended.
- 梅雨が明けた。
Conjugation
Conjugation of "明ける" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 明け | あけ | ake | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 明け | あけ | ake | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 明ける | あける | akeru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 明ける | あける | akeru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 明けれ | あけれ | akere | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 明けよ¹ 明けろ² |
あけよ¹ あけろ² |
akeyo¹ akero² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 明けられる | あけられる | akerareru | |
| Causative | 明けさせる 明けさす |
あけさせる あけさす |
akesaseru akesasu | |
| Potential | 明けられる 明けれる³ |
あけられる あけれる³ |
akerareru akereru³ | |
| Volitional | 明けよう | あけよう | akeyō | |
| Negative | 明けない 明けぬ 明けん |
あけない あけぬ あけん |
akenai akenu aken | |
| Negative continuative | 明けず | あけず | akezu | |
| Formal | 明けます | あけます | akemasu | |
| Perfective | 明けた | あけた | aketa | |
| Conjunctive | 明けて | あけて | akete | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 明ければ | あければ | akereba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential | ||||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 明け | あけ | ake |
| Continuative (連用形) | 明け | あけ | ake |
| Terminal (終止形) | 明く | あく | aku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 明くる | あくる | akuru |
| Realis (已然形) | 明くれ | あくれ | akure |
| Imperative (命令形) | 明けよ | あけよ | akeyo |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 明けず | あけず | akezu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 明くれど | あくれど | akuredo |
| Causal conjunction | 明くれば | あくれば | akureba |
| Conditional conjunction | 明けば | あけば | akeba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 明けき | あけき | akeki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 明けけり | あけけり | akekeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 明けつ | あけつ | aketu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 明けぬ | あけぬ | akenu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 明けたり | あけたり | aketari |
| Volitional | 明けむ | あけむ | akemu |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 “あ・ける 【明・開・空】
”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
