曆

See also: 暦 and 历

曆	U+66C6, 曆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66C6

← 曅

CJK Unified Ideographs

曇 →

曆	U+F98B, 曆 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98B

← 力

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

歷 →

Translingual

Traditional	曆
Shinjitai	暦
Simplified	历

Han character

曆 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一竹木日 (MHDA) or 一木日 (MDA), four-corner 7126₉, composition ⿸厤日)

Related characters

歷, 磿

Derived characters

𤃝, 𦏩

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 500, character 10
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14171
Dae Jaweon: page 870, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1536, character 2
Unihan data for U+66C6

Unihan data for U+F98B

Chinese

trad.		曆/歷
simp.		历^*
alternative forms		暦厤𢍷

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 曆
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (秝) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
秝	*reːɡ
歷	*reːɡ
曆	*reːɡ
磿	*reːɡ
靂	*reːɡ
癧	*reːɡ
櫪	*reːɡ
藶	*reːɡ
瀝	*reːɡ
攊	*reːɡ
厤	*reːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːɡ) : phonetic 厤 (OC *reːɡ) + semantic 日 (“sun; day”).

Etymology

Derivative, meaning "calendar" < "calendrical calculations" (Shu), of 歷 (OC *rêk) "to calculate". See there for more.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lì (li⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ni²
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): lik⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): let⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): lit⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): la̍k

(Meixian, Guangdong): lag⁶
Jin (Wiktionary): lieh⁴
Northern Min (KCR): lĭ
Eastern Min (BUC): lĭk
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): la̍h / le̍k / lia̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): lêh⁸ / lah⁸

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): le⁶ / li⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁸liq
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): li⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lì
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lì
  - Wade–Giles: li⁴
  - Yale: lì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
  - Palladius: ли (li)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ni²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: li
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: lik⁶
  - Yale: lihk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lik⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: lig⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: let⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /let̚³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: lit⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lit̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: la̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: lag
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lag⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /lak̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lag⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /lak̚⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: lieh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /liəʔ²/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lĭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²⁴/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃iʔ⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: la̍h
  - Tâi-lô: la̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lah
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /laʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /laʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /laʔ¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
  - Tâi-lô: li̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lek
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: lia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liak
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴/

Note:

la̍h - vernacular;
le̍k/lia̍k - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: lêh⁸ / lah⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: le̍h / la̍h
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /leʔ⁴/, /laʔ⁴/
(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: le⁶ / li⁷
- Sinological IPA: /lɛ³³/, /li⁵⁵/

Note:

le6 - vernacular;
li7 - literary.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁸liq
  - MiniDict: lih^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵liq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /liɪʔ¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: li⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li²⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 曆
Mandarin	Beijing	/li⁵¹/
	Harbin	/li⁵³/
	Tianjin	/li⁵³/
	Jinan	/li²¹/
	Qingdao	/li⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/li²⁴/
	Xi'an	/li²¹/
	Xining	/l̩⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/li¹³/
	Lanzhou	/li¹³/
	Ürümqi	/li²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ni²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ni³¹/
	Guiyang	/ni²¹/
	Kunming	/li³¹/
	Nanjing	/li⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/liəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/liəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/liʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/liəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/liɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/liəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/liəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/lei²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/li²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/le¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/li²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ni²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/liʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/lak̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/lɑk̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/lek̚²/
	Nanning	/lek̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/lik̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/lik̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/liʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/li²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/leʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/lek̚³/

Middle Chinese: lek

Rime
Character	曆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	錫 (127)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	郎擊切
Baxter	lek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lek̚/
Pan Wuyun	/lek̚/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛjk̚/
Li Rong	/lek̚/
Wang Li	/liek̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/liek̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lik⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ˤek/

(Zhengzhang): /*reːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	曆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lì
Middle Chinese	‹ lek ›
Old Chinese	/*ˁek/
English	calculate (astronomically)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	曆
Reading #	1/1
No.	7981
Phonetic component	秝
Rime group	錫
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	靂
Old Chinese	/*reːɡ/

Definitions

曆

calendar

Compounds

References

“曆”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	暦
Kyūjitai	曆

Kanji

曆

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

calendar
era

Readings

Go-on: りゃく (ryaku)
Kan-on: れき (reki)
Kun: こよみ (koyomi, 曆)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 曆 (MC lek). Recorded as Middle Korean 력 (lyek) (Yale: lyek) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

曆

Wikisource

曆 (eumhun 책력 력 (chaengnyeok ryeok), word-initial (South Korea) 책력 역 (chaengnyeok yeok))

hanja form^? of 력/역 (“calendar”)

Compounds

서력 (西曆, seoryeok)
양력 (陽曆, yangnyeok)
월력 (月曆, wollyeok)
음력 (陰曆, eumnyeok)
일력 (日曆, illyeok)
신력 (新曆, sillyeok)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

曆: Hán Việt readings: lịch
曆: Nôm readings: rếch, rích, rịch

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

曆

Contents

Translingual

Han character

Related characters

Derived characters

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology

Pronunciation

Definitions

Compounds

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Korean

Etymology

Hanja

Compounds

References

Vietnamese

Han character

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia