有

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See also: 肴, 右, and 🈶
有 U+6709, 有
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
← 月
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 朊 →
㊒ U+3292, ㊒
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH HAVE
← ㊑
 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㊓ →

🈶 U+1F236, 🈶
SQUARED CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6709
← 🈵
 		Enclosed Ideographic Supplement 🈷 →

Translingual

Stroke order (Japan)
6 strokes
Stroke order
(Chinese)
Stroke order
(Japan)

Han character

有 (Kangxi radical 74, 月+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 大月 (KB), four-corner 40227, composition ⿸𠂇月)

Derived characters

Usage notes

Despite the technically-correct radical being ⺼ (“meat”) as described in this entry’s glyph origin section, 有 is associated with the radical 月 (“moon”) in dictionaries for historical reasons and is likewise written as if it contained the 月 radical, i.e. it has 二 instead of 冫 inside of 冂.

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 504, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14332
  • Dae Jaweon: page 880, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2041, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6709

Chinese

trad. 有
simp. # 有
alternative forms 𠂇
𢇔
𪠥

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 有
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
絠 *kɯːʔ
醢 *qʰɯːʔ
珛 *qʰʷɯs
栯 *ɢʷɯʔ, *qʷɯ
有 *ɢʷɯʔ
友 *ɢʷɯʔ
右 *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs
宥 *ɢʷɯs
囿 *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ
侑 *ɢʷɯs
酭 *ɢʷɯs
姷 *ɢʷɯs
又 *ɢʷɯs
佑 *ɢʷɯs
祐 *ɢʷɯs
賄 *qʰʷɯːʔ
蛕 *qʰʷɯːʔ, *ɡʷɯː
烠 *ɡʷɯː
倄 *ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ
鮪 *ɢʷɯʔ
洧 *ɢʷɯʔ
痏 *ɢʷɯʔ
郁 *qʷɯ
戫 *qʷɯ
哊 *ɡʷɯ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ) : phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – a hand holding meat, hence “in possession of”. The hand shape has been significantly abstracted; compare 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs).

Alternatively, the graph was perhaps originally intended for the word 醢 (OC *qʰɯːʔ, “minced pickled meat”), which also has the 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) element as phonetic.

Shuowen Jiezi and other ancient sources have erroneously analyzed the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯʔ) : phonetic 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs) + semantic 月 (“moon”). Shuowen Jiezi defines 有 as "不宜有也" (" not should be had"), citing the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋傳): "日月有食之" ("There are solar and lunar eclipses"). As eclipses were not auspicious to the Chinese, they were "something that should not be happening". The 月 component alludes to the inauspicious lunar eclipse.

Etymology

Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan ཡོད (yod, “to be; to have”). Related to:

  • 侑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to offer, to sacrifice”)
  • 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “again”)
  • 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ, “some; or”)

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • ô - vernacular;
  • īu - literary.
Note:
  • ū/ǔ - vernacular;
  • iú - literary.
Note: iu2 - prefix.
Rime
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 云 (35)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 云久切
Baxter hjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦiuX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣiəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦuwX/
Li
Rong 		/ɣiuX/
Wang
Li 		/ɣĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/i̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yǒu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jau5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yǒu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hjuwX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ʷəʔ/
English have, exist

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 有
Reading # 1/1
No. 15595
Phonetic
component 		又
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		有
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷɯʔ/

Definitions

有

  1. to have; to possess (when a subject is present)
    我有兩輛車。／我有两辆车。  ―  Wǒ yǒu liǎng liàng chē.  ―  I have two cars.
    大象有著長長的鼻子。 [MSC, trad.]
    大象有着长长的鼻子。 [MSC, simp.]
    Dàxiàng yǒuzhe chángcháng de bízi.
    Elephants have long trunks.
  2. there is; to exist (when a subject is absent)
    有很多人。  ―  Yǒu hěn duō rén.  ―  There are a lot of people.
    這兒有書嗎？／这儿有书吗？  ―  Zhèr yǒu shū ma?  ―  Are there any books here?
    這裡有著清新的空氣。 [MSC, trad.]
    这里有着清新的空气。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhèlǐ yǒuzhe qīngxīn de kōngqì.
    There is fresh air here.
  3. (euphemistic) to be pregnant with a child
  4. abundant; affluent
  5. many; much; (of time) long; (of age) old
  6. some (indefinite pronoun)
  7. (literary or dialectal) Placed before a verb to emphasize that the action has been done.
    古語有云／古语有云 [Classical Chinese]  ―  gǔyǔ yǒu yún   ―  as the saying goes (literally, “the old saying has said”)
    伊拄才有出來。 [Hokkien, trad.]
    伊拄才有出来。 [Hokkien, simp.]
    I tú-chiah ū chhut-lâi. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    He did come just now.
    我有去過海洋公園。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我有去过海洋公园。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 jau5 heoi3 gwo3 hoi2 joeng4 gung1 jyun4-2.
    I have been to Ocean Park.
    我有看見過他。／我有看见过他。  ―  Wǒ yǒu kànjiàn guò tā.  ―  I have seen him.
  8. a surname
    有子  ―  Yǒuzǐ  ―  Philosopher You
  9. A meaningless prefix.
    有夏  ―  yǒuxià  ―  China
  10. (Hokkien, Teochew) Particle used after a verb to indicate accomplishment or accomplishability of a goal.
    聽有／听有 [Hokkien]  ―  thiaⁿ ū [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to understand (when listening); to be able to hear
    揣有 [Teochew]  ―  cuê7 u6 [Peng'im]  ―  to be able to find
Usage notes
  • In Mandarin, 有 is the only verb not negated with 不 (bù). It is negated with 沒／没 (méi).
    我沒有錢／我没有钱  ―  wǒ méiyǒu qián  ―  I don't have any money
Synonyms
  • (to exist):
  • (particle used after a verb to indicate accomplishment):
Dialectal synonyms of 得到 (“can (particle)”)
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 得到
Mandarin Taiwan 得到
Malaysia 得到
Singapore 得到
Cantonese Guangzhou 得到
Hong Kong 得到
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 得到
Penang (Guangfu) 得到
Singapore (Guangfu) 得到
Southern Min Xiamen 有
Taipei 有 GT
Penang (Hokkien) 有
Singapore (Hokkien) 有
Jieyang 有
Singapore (Teochew) 有
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Antonyms

  • (antonym(s) of "to have"): 沒／没 (méi), 無／无 (wú)

Descendants

  • → English: got (Singapore English) (semantic loan)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (有):

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

有

  1. † Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “again”)
  2. † Alternative form of 又 (yòu, “and; with a remainder of (when dividing an integer by ten)”)

References

Japanese

Kanji

有

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. have; possess; own
  2. to exist; to bring into existence
  3. keep; maintain
  4. happen; occur

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
有
ゆう
Grade: 3
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 有 (MC hjuwX). The sense “and, with a remainder of” is from Middle Chinese 有 / 又 (MC hjuwH).

The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

Affix

有(ゆう) • (yū) ←いう (iu)?

  1. exist
  2. have; possess; own
  3. (between numbers) and; with a remainder of
Derived terms
Derived terms

Noun

有(ゆう) • (yū) ←いう (iu)?

  1. existence
  2. possession
  3. (Buddhism) Synonym of 有 (u)
  4. Short for 有限会社 (yūgengaisha, “limited company”).

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
有
う
Grade: 3
goon

From Middle Chinese 有 (MC hjuwX).

The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

Affix

有(う) • (u) 

  1. exist
Derived terms
Derived terms

Noun

有(う) • (u) 

  1. (Buddhism) bhava (becoming, existence)​

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
有
なお
Grade: 3
nanori

Pronunciation

Proper noun

有(なお) • (Nao) 

  1. a female given name

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
有
あ
Grade: 3
nanori
For pronunciation and definitions of 有 – see the following entry.
【あ】H
(Classical Japanese) to be, to exist
Alternative spelling
在
(This term, 有, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
有
あ(り)
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 有 – see the following entry.
【有あり】
nominalization of 有る (aru): there is, available
(colloquial) OK, acceptable
stem or continuative conjugation of 有る (aru)
Classical Japanese form of 有る (aru): to be, to exist
Alternative spellings
在り, 在
(This term, 有, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

有 (eumhun 있을 유 (isseul yu))

  1. Hanja form? of 유 (“to possess; to have; to exist”).

Kunigami

Kanji

有

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Miyako

Kanji

有

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Okinawan

Kanji

有

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Vietnamese

Han character

有: Hán Việt readings: hữu
有: Nôm readings: hữu, hỡi, hơi

  1. chữ Hán form of hữu (“to have; to own”).

Compounds

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Trần (2004).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bonet (1899).
  4. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  5. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  6. ^ Hồ (1976).

Yaeyama

Kanji

有

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Yonaguni

Kanji

有

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

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