柯

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柯 U+67EF, 柯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67EF
← 柮
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 柰 →

Translingual

Han character

柯 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木一弓口 (DMNR), four-corner 41920, composition ⿰木可)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 520, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14658
  • Dae Jaweon: page 908, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1178, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+67EF

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
砢 *ɡ·raːlʔ
柯 *kaːl
菏 *kaːl, *ɡaːl
牁 *kaːl
滒 *kaːl
哥 *kaːl
歌 *kaːl
謌 *kaːl
鴚 *kaːl
哿 *kaːlʔ
舸 *kaːlʔ
笴 *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ
軻 *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
珂 *kʰaːl
可 *kʰaːlʔ
岢 *kʰaːlʔ
坷 *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
蚵 *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl
呵 *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls
訶 *qʰaːl
抲 *qʰaːl
荷 *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
何 *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
河 *ɡaːl
苛 *ɡaːl
魺 *ɡaːl
袔 *ɡaːls
阿 *qaːl
妸 *qaːl, *qaːlʔ
疴 *qaːl, *kʰraːls
鈳 *qaːl
娿 *qaːl, *qaːlʔ
痾 *qaːl
跒 *kʰraːlʔ
閜 *qʰraːlʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːl) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.
 柯
alternative forms 牁 ancient

Same word as 牁 (OC *kaːl, “mooring post for a boat”) and related to 軻 (OC *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls, “a pair of wheels upon an axle tree”); perhaps related to 幹 (OC *kaːns, “stem, support”) but distinct from 竿 (OC *kaːn, “pole”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • gua1 - vernacular (incl. surname);
  • ko1 - vernacular;
  • kor1 - literary.
Note:
  • koa - vernacular (surname);
  • kho - literary.
Note:
  • gua1 - vernacular (surname);
  • ko1 - literary.
Rime
Character 柯
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 歌 (94)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古俄切
Baxter ka
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɑ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɑ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ka/
Li
Rong 		/kɑ/
Wang
Li 		/kɑ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gē
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		go1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 柯
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kē
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ka ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ˁar/
English axe-handle

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 柯
Reading # 1/1
No. 7433
Phonetic
component 		可
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		歌
Old
Chinese 		/*kaːl/

Definitions

柯

  1. (literary) axe handle
  2. (literary) stalk; branch
  3. a surname
    柯文哲  ―  Kē Wénzhé  ―  Ko Wen-je (Taiwanese politician)
  4. Short for 柯爾克孜／柯尔克孜 (kē'ěrkèzī, “Kyrgyz (the people, language, etc.)”).
  5. Lithocarpus; stone oak
Descendants
  • → English: Ke, Ko, Ker, Or, O, Quah, Qua, Kuah, Kua, Kwa
  • → Tagalog: Cua (via Hokkien)

Compounds

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.
 柯
alternative forms 枯
過／过

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Definitions

柯

  1. (Hokkien, of fruits, vegetable, etc.) fibrous; stringy; tough; withered
  2. (Teochew) dry; dried up; unmoist
  3. (Hokkien) lost one's youthfulness; old

Etymology 3

simp. and trad.
 柯

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Definitions

柯

  1. (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) copper coin
  2. (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) yuan (unit of currency)
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 元 (“yuan; dollar”)
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 圓, 元
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 塊
Taiwan 塊
Harbin 塊
Malaysia 塊
Singapore 塊
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 塊
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 塊
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 塊
Wanrong 塊
Xi'an 塊
Xining 塊
Xuzhou 塊
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 塊
Lanzhou 塊
Ürümqi 塊
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 塊
Wuhan 塊
Guiyang 塊
Guilin 塊
Liuzhou 塊
Nanning (Wuming) 塊
Shanglin (Sanli) 塊
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 塊
Yangzhou 塊
Hefei 塊
Cantonese Guangzhou 蚊, 蚊雞, 雞士, 個, 銀
Hong Kong 蚊, 蚊雞, 雞士, 個, 銀, 雞嘢
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 蚊
Macau 蚊
Guangzhou (Panyu) 蚊
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 蚊
Guangzhou (Conghua) 蚊
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 蚊
Foshan 蚊
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 文
Foshan (Shunde) 蚊
Foshan (Sanshui) 蚊雞
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 蚊雞
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 蚊
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 蚊
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 蚊
Zhuhai (Doumen) 蚊
Jiangmen (Baisha) 蚊
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 蚊
Taishan 蚊
Kaiping (Chikan) 蚊
Enping (Niujiang) 蚊
Heshan (Yayao) 蚊
Dongguan 蚊, 蚊雞
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 蚊
Qingyuan 蚊
Fogang 蚊
Yingde (Hanguang) 蚊
Yangshan 蚊
Lianshan (Butian) 蚊
Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 蚊
Shaoguan 蚊
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 蚊
Renhua 蚊雞
Lechang 蚊
Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 蚊
Sihui 蚊雞
Deqing 蚊
Huaiji 蚊
Fengkai (Nanfeng) 蚊
Yunfu 蚊
Xinxing 蚊
Luoding 蚊
Yunan (Pingtai) 蚊
Yangjiang 蚊, 個
Lianjiang 蚊
Nanning 蚊
Hepu (Lianzhou) 蚊
Qinzhou 蚊
Beihai 蚊
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 蚊
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 蚊
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 蚊
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 箍, 蚊
Penang (Guangfu) 蚊
Singapore (Guangfu) 蚊, 箍
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 蚊
Móng Cái 蚊
Gan Nanchang 塊
Lichuan 塊
Pingxiang 塊
Hakka Meixian 塊
Xingning 吊
Yudu 塊
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 個
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 個
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 個
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 個
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 個
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 銀, 箍
Hong Kong 塊, 蚊
Sabah (Longchuan) 箍
Senai (Huiyang) 箍
Kuching (Hepo) 箍
Singkawang 盾
Singapore (Dabu) 箍
Huizhou Jixi 塊
Jin Taiyuan 塊
Xinzhou 塊
Northern Min Jian'ou 塊
Pucheng (Shibei) 塊
Eastern Min Fuzhou 塊
Fuqing 塊
Matsu 塊
Southern Min Xiamen 箍
Xiamen (Tong'an) 箍
Quanzhou 箍
Shishi 箍
Zhangzhou 箍
Zhao'an 箍
Dongshan 箍
Taipei 箍
New Taipei (Sanxia) 箍
Kaohsiung 箍
Yilan 箍
Changhua (Lukang) 箍
Taichung 箍
Tainan 箍
Hsinchu 箍
Kinmen 箍
Penghu (Magong) 箍
Penang (Hokkien) 箍
Singapore (Hokkien) 箍
Manila (Hokkien) 箍
Chaozhou 銀, 箍, 個, 個銀
Shantou 銀, 個, 箍 dated, 個銀
Shantou (Chenghai) 銀
Jieyang 個, 個銀
Haifeng 個銀
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 箍
Singapore (Teochew) 箍, 個銀
Leizhou 個
Wenchang 銀, 個
Haikou 個銀, 銀
Qionghai 銀
Singapore (Hainanese) 箍
Puxian Min Putian 個
Xianyou 個
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 蚊
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 蚊, 蚊雞
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 塊
Wu Shanghai 塊
Shanghai (Chongming) 塊
Suzhou 塊
Danyang 塊
Hangzhou 塊
Wenzhou 個
Jinhua 塊
Xiang Changsha 塊
Loudi 塊
Shuangfeng 塊
Quanzhou 塊

References

Japanese

Kanji

柯

(Hyōgai kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

  • Go-on: か (ka)
  • Kan-on: か (ka)
  • Kun: え (e, 柯)

Korean

Hanja

柯 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

柯: Hán Nôm readings: kha

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia