柯

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柯 U+67EF, 柯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67EF
← 柮
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 柰 →

Translingual

Han character

柯 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木一弓口 (DMNR), four-corner 41920, composition ⿰木可)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 520, character 22
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14658
  • Dae Jaweon: page 908, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1178, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+67EF

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
砢 *ɡ·raːlʔ
柯 *kaːl
菏 *kaːl, *ɡaːl
牁 *kaːl
滒 *kaːl
哥 *kaːl
歌 *kaːl
謌 *kaːl
鴚 *kaːl
哿 *kaːlʔ
舸 *kaːlʔ
笴 *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ
軻 *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
珂 *kʰaːl
可 *kʰaːlʔ
岢 *kʰaːlʔ
坷 *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
蚵 *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl
呵 *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls
訶 *qʰaːl
抲 *qʰaːl
荷 *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
何 *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
河 *ɡaːl
苛 *ɡaːl
魺 *ɡaːl
袔 *ɡaːls
阿 *qaːl
妸 *qaːl, *qaːlʔ
疴 *qaːl, *kʰraːls
鈳 *qaːl
娿 *qaːl, *qaːlʔ
痾 *qaːl
跒 *kʰraːlʔ
閜 *qʰraːlʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kaːl): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.
 柯
alternative forms 牁 ancient

Same word as 牁 (OC *kaːl, “mooring post for a boat”) and related to 軻 (OC *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls, “a pair of wheels upon an axle tree”); perhaps related to 幹 (OC *kaːns, “stem, support”) but distinct from 竿 (OC *kaːn, “pole”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • gua1 - vernacular (incl. surname);
  • ko1 - vernacular;
  • kor1 - literary.
Note:
  • koa - vernacular (surname);
  • kho - literary.
Note:
  • gua1 - vernacular (surname);
  • ko1 - literary.
Rime
Character 柯
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 歌 (94)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古俄切
Baxter ka
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɑ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɑ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ka/
Li
Rong 		/kɑ/
Wang
Li 		/kɑ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gē
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		go1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 柯
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kē
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ka ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ˁar/
English axe-handle

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 柯
Reading # 1/1
No. 7433
Phonetic
component 		可
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		歌
Old
Chinese 		/*kaːl/

Definitions

柯

  1. (literary) axe handle
  2. (literary) stalk; branch
  3. a surname
    柯文哲  ―  Kē Wénzhé  ―  Ko Wen-je (Taiwanese politician)
  4. short for 柯爾克孜／柯尔克孜 (kē'ěrkèzī, “Kyrgyz (the people, language, etc.)”)
  5. Lithocarpus; stone oak
Descendants
  • → English: Ke, Ko, Ker, Or, O, Quah, Qua, Kuah, Kua, Kwa
  • → Tagalog: Cua (via Hokkien)

Compounds

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.
 柯
alternative forms 枯
過／过

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Definitions

柯

  1. (Hokkien, of fruits, vegetable, etc.) fibrous; stringy; tough; withered
  2. (Teochew) dry; dried up; unmoist
  3. (Hokkien) lost one's youthfulness; old

Etymology 3

simp. and trad.
 柯

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Definitions

柯

  1. (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) copper coin
  2. (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) yuan (unit of currency)
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 元 (“yuan; dollar”)
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 圓, 元
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 塊1
Taiwan 塊1
Harbin 塊1
Malaysia 塊1
Singapore 塊1
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 塊1
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 塊1
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 塊1
Wanrong 塊1
Xi'an 塊1
Xining 塊1
Xuzhou 塊1
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 塊1
Lanzhou 塊1
Ürümqi 塊1
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 塊1
Wuhan 塊1
Guiyang 塊1
Guilin 塊1
Liuzhou 塊1
Nanning (Wuming) 塊1
Shanglin (Sanli) 塊1
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 塊1
Yangzhou 塊1
Hefei 塊1
Cantonese Guangzhou 蚊, 蚊雞, 雞士, 個, 銀, 度嘢
Hong Kong 蚊, 蚊雞, 雞士, 雞, 個, 銀, 雞嘢, 皮
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 蚊
Macau 蚊
Guangzhou (Panyu) 蚊
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 蚊
Guangzhou (Conghua) 蚊
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 蚊
Foshan 蚊
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 文
Foshan (Shunde) 蚊
Foshan (Sanshui) 蚊雞
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 蚊雞
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 蚊
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 蚊
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 蚊
Zhuhai (Doumen) 蚊
Jiangmen (Baisha) 蚊
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 蚊
Taishan 蚊
Kaiping (Chikan) 蚊
Enping (Niujiang) 蚊
Heshan (Yayao) 蚊
Dongguan 蚊, 蚊雞
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 蚊
Qingyuan 蚊
Fogang 蚊
Yingde (Hanguang) 蚊
Yangshan 蚊
Lianshan (Butian) 蚊
Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) 蚊
Shaoguan 蚊
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 蚊
Renhua 蚊雞
Lechang 蚊
Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 蚊
Sihui 蚊雞
Deqing 蚊
Huaiji 蚊
Fengkai (Nanfeng) 蚊
Yunfu 蚊
Xinxing 蚊
Luoding 蚊
Yunan (Pingtai) 蚊
Yangjiang 蚊, 個
Lianjiang 蚊
Nanning 蚊
Hepu (Lianzhou) 蚊
Qinzhou 蚊
Beihai 蚊
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 蚊
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 蚊
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 蚊
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 箍, 蚊
Penang (Guangfu) 蚊
Singapore (Guangfu) 蚊, 箍
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 蚊
Móng Cái 蚊
Gan Nanchang 塊1
Lichuan 塊1
Pingxiang 塊1
Hakka Meixian 塊1
Xingning 吊
Yudu 塊1
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 個
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 個
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 個
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 個
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 個
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 銀, 箍
Hong Kong 塊1, 蚊
Sabah (Longchuan) 箍
Senai (Huiyang) 箍
Kuching (Hepo) 箍
Singkawang 盾
Singapore (Dabu) 箍
Huizhou Jixi 塊1
Jin Taiyuan 塊1
Xinzhou 塊1
Northern Min Jian'ou 塊2
Jian'ou (Dikou) 塊2
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 塊2
Pucheng (Shibei) 塊2
Eastern Min Fuzhou 塊2
Fuqing 塊2
Matsu 塊2
Southern Min Xiamen 箍
Xiamen (Tong'an) 箍
Quanzhou 箍
Shishi 箍
Zhangzhou 箍
Zhao'an 箍
Dongshan 箍
Taipei 箍
New Taipei (Sanxia) 箍
Kaohsiung 箍
Yilan 箍
Changhua (Lukang) 箍
Taichung 箍
Tainan 箍
Hsinchu 箍
Kinmen 箍
Penghu (Magong) 箍
Penang (Hokkien) 箍
Singapore (Hokkien) 箍
Manila (Hokkien) 箍
Chaozhou 銀, 箍, 個, 個銀
Shantou 銀, 個, 箍 dated, 個銀
Shantou (Chenghai) 銀
Jieyang 個, 個銀
Haifeng 個銀
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 箍
Singapore (Teochew) 箍, 個銀
Leizhou 個
Wenchang 銀, 個
Haikou 個銀, 銀
Qionghai 銀
Singapore (Hainanese) 箍
Puxian Min Putian 個
Xianyou 個
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 蚊
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 蚊, 蚊雞
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 塊1
Wu Shanghai 塊1
Shanghai (Chongming) 塊1
Suzhou 塊1
Danyang 塊1
Hangzhou 塊1
Wenzhou 個
Jinhua 塊1
Xiang Changsha 塊1
Loudi 塊1
Shuangfeng 塊1
Quanzhou 塊1

References

Japanese

Kanji

柯

(Hyōgai kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

  • Go-on: か (ka)
  • Kan-on: か (ka)
  • Kun: え (e, 柯)

Korean

Hanja

柯 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka, Yale ka)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

柯: Hán Nôm readings: kha

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia