核

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See also: 覈
核 U+6838, 核
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6838
← 样
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 根 →

Translingual

Han character

核 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 木卜女人 (DYVO), four-corner 40982, composition ⿰木亥)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 524, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14743
  • Dae Jaweon: page 912, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1206, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6838

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 核
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (亥) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
該 *kɯː
垓 *kɯː
賅 *kɯː
陔 *kɯː
豥 *kɯː, *ɡɯː
荄 *kɯː, *krɯː
郂 *kɯː
姟 *kɯː
絯 *kɯː, *ɡrɯːʔ
晐 *kɯː
峐 *kɯː
侅 *kɯː, *kʰɯː, *ɡɯːʔ, *ɡrɯːʔ
胲 *kɯː
頦 *kɯːʔ, *ɡɯː
奒 *kʰɯː
輆 *kʰɯːʔ
欬 *kʰɯːɡs, *qraːds
硋 *ŋɡɯːɡs
閡 *ŋɡɯːɡs
咳 *qʰɯː, *ɡɯː
孩 *ɡɯː
亥 *ɡɯːʔ
劾 *ɡɯːɡs, *kʰrɯːɡs, *ɡɯːɡ
痎 *krɯː
烗 *kʰrɯːɡs
骸 *ɡrɯː
駭 *ɡrɯːʔ
刻 *kʰɯːɡ
餩 *qɯːɡ
核 *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ) – a kind of tree. Modern meanings are borrowed.

Etymology 1

The definitions related to “to examine” come from the “kernel” sense, i.e. “to go to the core” (Schuessler, 2007).

Generally thought to be of Sino-Tibetan origin. It has been compared to Tibetan རག་ཙེ (rag tse), Karbi rak (Gong, 2002; Schuessler, 2007). However, Hill (2012) rejects the connection to the Tibetan word because most words ending with ཙེ (tse) are loanwords from Chinese words ending with the 子 suffix.

Smith (2011) groups this word with the following terms into a word family meaning “root, germ, generative core”:

  • 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”) and its derivative 根 (OC *kɯːn, “root”),
  • 骸 (OC *ɡrɯː, “(human) bones”) (also noted by Schuessler, 2007),
  • 孩 (OC *ɡɯː, “child”),
  • 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ, “sprouting stage”), i.e. "the moon’s first appearance" > "twelfth earthly branch".

Pronunciation 1

simp. and trad.
 核
alternative forms 𣝗
Note:
  • wat6/wat6-2 - “seed; kernel”;
  • hat6 - “nucleus; nuclear”.
Note:
  • Sixian:
    • fu̍t - “seed; kernel”;
    • ha̍k - only in 核卵.
  • Meixian:
    • fud6 - vernacular (“kernel“);
    • hag6 - in 核卵.
Note: geh5 - used in 核桃.
Note:
  • hoh7/huoh7 - vernacular;
  • heh7 - literary.
Note:
  • hu̍t - vernacular (“seed; core”);
  • ha̍t - vernacular (“swelling in the lymph glands”);
  • he̍k/hia̍k/he̍rt - literary.
Note: hug8 - “seed”.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 核
Mandarin Beijing /xɤ³⁵/
Harbin /xɤ²⁴/
Tianjin /xɤ⁴⁵/ ～算
/xu⁴⁵/ 棗～兒
Jinan /xə⁴²/
Qingdao /xɛ⁴²/ ～心
/xuə⁴²/ ～桃
Zhengzhou /xai⁴²/
Xi'an /xai²¹/ ～算
/xu²⁴/ 桃～儿
Xining /xɛ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /xa¹³/ ～算
/xɛ¹³/ ～算
/xə¹³/ ～算
/xɯ¹³/ ～桃
Lanzhou /xə⁵³/
/xu⁵³/
Ürümqi /xɤ⁵¹/
/xu⁵¹/
Wuhan /xɤ²¹³/
Chengdu /xe³¹/
Guiyang /xɛ²¹/
Kunming /xə³¹/
Nanjing /xəʔ⁵/
Hefei /xɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xəʔ²/ ～算
/kəʔ⁵⁴/ ～桃
Pingyao /kʌʔ⁵³/ ～桃
/kʰʌʔ¹³/ 審～
Hohhot /xaʔ⁴³/ ～算
/xu³¹/ 棗～子
Wu Shanghai /ɦəʔ¹/
/ŋəʔ¹/
/ɦuəʔ¹/
Suzhou /ŋəʔ³/
Hangzhou /ɦɑʔ²/
Wenzhou /jy²¹³/
Hui Shexian /xɛʔ²¹/ ～對
/xɛ²²/ 山～桃
Tunxi /xə¹¹/
/uən²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /xə²⁴/
Xiangtan /hæ²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /hɛʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /hak̚⁵/
Taoyuan /het̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐt̚²/ ～對
/wɐt̚²/ 桃～
Nanning /wɐt̚²²/
Hong Kong /hɐt̚²/ ～對
/wɐt̚²/ 桃～
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hik̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /houʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xo⁴⁴/ 名
/xɛ²⁴/ 動
Shantou (Teochew) /hek̚²/
/huk̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hut̚⁵/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 核
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hé
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hɛk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ˁ<r>ək/
English kernel fruit; scrutinize

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 核
Reading # 1/2
No. 4334
Phonetic
component 		骨
Rime
group 		物
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		搰
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡuːd/
Notes 𣝗字訓讀
Definitions

核

  1. seed; pit; stone; kernel; core; nut (Classifier: 粒 c)
    𦧲核   ―  loe1 wat6   ―  to spit out seeds
  2. (computing) -core
    See also: 核心
    4核  ―  sì-hé  ―  quad-core
  3. (physics, chemistry, biology) nucleus
  4. (physics) nuclear
  5. (mathematics, algebra, linear algebra) kernel
  6. (Hokkien) swelling in the lymph glands (lymphatic hard lumps due to inflammation, etc.)
  7. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) small formed lump
  8. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for fruits with a pit inside.
Synonyms

Pronunciation 2

simp. and trad.
 核
alternative forms 覈
Note: “to examine”.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 核
Mandarin Beijing /xɤ³⁵/
Harbin /xɤ²⁴/
Tianjin /xɤ⁴⁵/ ～算
/xu⁴⁵/ 棗～兒
Jinan /xə⁴²/
Qingdao /xɛ⁴²/ ～心
/xuə⁴²/ ～桃
Zhengzhou /xai⁴²/
Xi'an /xai²¹/ ～算
/xu²⁴/ 桃～儿
Xining /xɛ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /xa¹³/ ～算
/xɛ¹³/ ～算
/xə¹³/ ～算
/xɯ¹³/ ～桃
Lanzhou /xə⁵³/
/xu⁵³/
Ürümqi /xɤ⁵¹/
/xu⁵¹/
Wuhan /xɤ²¹³/
Chengdu /xe³¹/
Guiyang /xɛ²¹/
Kunming /xə³¹/
Nanjing /xəʔ⁵/
Hefei /xɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xəʔ²/ ～算
/kəʔ⁵⁴/ ～桃
Pingyao /kʌʔ⁵³/ ～桃
/kʰʌʔ¹³/ 審～
Hohhot /xaʔ⁴³/ ～算
/xu³¹/ 棗～子
Wu Shanghai /ɦəʔ¹/
/ŋəʔ¹/
/ɦuəʔ¹/
Suzhou /ŋəʔ³/
Hangzhou /ɦɑʔ²/
Wenzhou /jy²¹³/
Hui Shexian /xɛʔ²¹/ ～對
/xɛ²²/ 山～桃
Tunxi /xə¹¹/
/uən²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /xə²⁴/
Xiangtan /hæ²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /hɛʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /hak̚⁵/
Taoyuan /het̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐt̚²/ ～對
/wɐt̚²/ 桃～
Nanning /wɐt̚²²/
Hong Kong /hɐt̚²/ ～對
/wɐt̚²/ 桃～
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hik̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /houʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xo⁴⁴/ 名
/xɛ²⁴/ 動
Shantou (Teochew) /hek̚²/
/huk̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hut̚⁵/
Rime
Character 核
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 麥 (119)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 下革切
Baxter heak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦˠɛk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦᵚæk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɐk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəɨjk̚/
Li
Rong 		/ɣɛk̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɣæk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣæk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hé
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hak6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 核
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hé
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hɛk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ˁ<r>ək/
English kernel fruit; scrutinize

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 核
Reading # 2/2
No. 4843
Phonetic
component 		亥
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		覈
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡrɯːɡ/
Definitions

核

  1. to examine; to check; to verify
  2. rigorous; detailed; reliable
Usage notes

Compounds

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.
 核

Pronunciation

Definitions

核

  1. a kind of tree
  2. alternative form of 荄 (gāi)

Etymology 3

simp. and trad.
 核

Pronunciation

Definitions

核

  1. eaves of a house

References

Japanese

Kanji

核

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: ぎゃく (gyaku)
  • Kan-on: かく (kaku, Jōyō)
  • Kun: さね (sane, 核)

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
核
かく
Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 核 (MC heak).

Pronunciation

Noun

核(かく) • (kaku) 

  1. atomic nucleus
  2. (algebra) kernel
  3. (astronomy) core, nucleus
  4. cell nucleus

Synonyms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
核
さね
Grade: S
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 核 – see the following entry.
【実さね】3
seed; stone; pit
(archaic) core; root; essence
(architecture) tongue (projecting part on a board meant to fit into a groove on another board, as in tongue and groove)
(anatomy) clitoris
a surname
(This term, 核, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

核 • (haek, hol) (hangeul 핵, 홀, revised haek, hol, McCune–Reischauer haek, hol, Yale hayk, hol)

  1. (atomic) nucleus

Vietnamese

Han character

核: Hán Nôm readings: hạch

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia