永

Stroke order

Stroke order

See images of 永
(radical 85 + 1)

永 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 戈弓水 (INE), four-corner 3023₂, composition ⿱丶⿲㇇𠃌⿺㇏丿)

• 咏, 怺, 泳, 昹, 栐, 脉, 眿, 䘑, 詠(𰵞), 昶, 㫤, 羕

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 603, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17088
• Dae Jaweon: page 996, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1546, character 3
• Unihan data for U+6C38

Historical forms of the character 永
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形) of a long river with tributaries. Cognate with 𠂢, 派.

Alternatively, pictogram (象形) of a person swimming in the water. Original form of 泳 (OC *ɢʷraŋs).

Uncertain.

• STEDT compares 永 (OC *ɢʷraŋʔ) to provisional Proto-Lolo-Burmese meso-root *ʔ-m(y)aŋ¹/³;
• Bodman (1980) derived 永 (OC *ɢʷraŋʔ) from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *wrjaŋ & considered it cognate with Lepcha ᰝᰥᰤᰰ (hryăn) as well as Tibetan རྒྱོང་བ (rgyong ba, “to extend; to stretch”) and རྒྱང་མ (rgyang ma, “distance”);
• Schuessler (2007) considered to be unclear any connection with 泂 (OC *ɡʷeːŋʔ) and Tibetan རིང (ring, “to be tall, long”), Western Tamang rehng pā (“to be long”), Burmese ရှည် (hrany, “to be long”), (all from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(i/u)ŋ (“to be long, to elongate”)) & Proto-Loloish *s/m-riŋ (“long (adv.)”); so Schuessler compared 永 (OC *ɢʷraŋʔ) to Khmer វែង (vɛɛng, “long”) and Khmer បង្វែង (bɑngvaeng, “to prolong, divert, mislead, deceive”) (both from Proto-Mon-Khmer *waiŋ (“long”)).

永

1. perpetual; eternal; permanent; forever

   • 貞：今日王永。
     贞：今日王永。

     From: 合27827

     Zhēn: jīnrì wáng yǒng.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 投我以木李、報之以瓊玖。匪報也、永以為好也。
     投我以木李、报之以琼玖。匪报也、永以为好也。

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Tóu wǒ yǐ mùlǐ, bào zhī yǐ qióngjiǔ. Fěi bào yě, yǒng yǐ wèi hǎo yě.

     There was presented to me a plum, and I returned for it a beautiful jiu gem; not as a return for it, but that our friendship might be lasting.

2. long (space or time)

   • 漢之廣矣、不可泳思。江之永矣、不可方思。
     汉之广矣、不可泳思。江之永矣、不可方思。

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Hàn zhī guǎng yǐ, bùkě yǒng sī. Jiāng zhī yǒng yǐ, bùkě fāng sī.

     The breath of the Han cannot be dived across; the length of the Jiang cannot be navigated with a raft.

3. to prolong; to lengthen

   • 皎皎白駒、食我場苗。縶之維之、以永今朝。
     皎皎白驹、食我场苗。絷之维之、以永今朝。

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Jiǎojiǎo báijū, shí wǒ chǎng miáo. Zhí zhī wéi zhī, yǐ yǒng jīnzhāo.

     Let the brilliant white colt feed on the young growth of my vegetable garden. Tether it by the foot, tie it by the collar, to prolong this morning.

4. 53rd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "eternity" (𝌺)
5. a surname

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. eternity
2. long
3. lengthy

• Go-on: よう (yō)^{←やう (yau, historical)←ゐやう (wiyau, ancient)}
• Kan-on: えい (ei, Jōyō)^{←えい (ei, historical)←ゑい (wei, ancient)}
• Kun: ながい (nagai, 永い, Jōyō)、とこしえ (tokoshie, 永)^{←とこしへ (tokosife, とこしへ, historical)}
• Nanori: え (e)、と (to)、のり (nori)、ひさ (hisa)、ひさし (hisashi)、のえ (noe)

• 久

From Middle Chinese 永 (MC hjwaengX).

The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

• (Tokyo) えー (Atamadaka – )
• IPA^(key):

永(えい) • (ei) 

1. long (time)
2. perpetual; eternal

永(えい) • (ei) 

1. (historical) abbreviation of 永楽銭 (eirakusen)
2. (historical) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

From Middle Chinese 永 (MC hjwaengX).

The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

• IPA^(key):

永(よう) • (yō) ^{←やう (yau)?}

1. (rare) synonym of 永 (ei, “long (time), eternal”)

永 (eumhun 길 영 (gil yeong))

1. hanja form^? of 영 (“long, deep, forever”)

• Naver Hanja Dictionary: 永

永: Hán Việt readings: vĩnh
永: Nôm readings: vắng, vẳng, vánh, vảnh, vênh, vểnh, viếng, vĩnh

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.