確か

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Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
確
たし
Grade: 5
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
慥か (uncommon)

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

Derived from the tashi- element seen in たしに (tashi ni, “sufficiently; firmly; surely”) and たしない (tashinai, “difficult, agonizing; poor, lacking”) + adjective-forming suffix か (-ka).

Pronunciation

Adjective

確(たし)か • (tashika) -na (adnominal 確(たし)かな (tashika na), adverbial 確(たし)かに (tashika ni))

  1. certain, clear, without a doubt
  2. secure, reliable, able to be trusted completely

Inflection

Inflection of 確か
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 確かだろ たしかだろ tashika daro
Continuative (連用形) 確かで たしかで tashika de
Terminal (終止形) 確かだ たしかだ tashika da
Attributive (連体形) 確かな たしかな tashika na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 確かなら たしかなら tashika nara
Imperative (命令形) 確かであれ たしかであれ tashika de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 確かではない
確かじゃない 		たしかではない
たしかじゃない 		tashika de wa nai
tashika ja nai
Informal past 確かだった たしかだった tashika datta
Informal negative past 確かではなかった
確かじゃなかった 		たしかではなかった
たしかじゃなかった 		tashika de wa nakatta
tashika ja nakatta
Formal 確かです たしかです tashika desu
Formal negative 確かではありません
確かじゃありません 		たしかではありません
たしかじゃありません 		tashika de wa arimasen
tashika ja arimasen
Formal past 確かでした たしかでした tashika deshita
Formal negative past 確かではありませんでした
確かじゃありませんでした 		たしかではありませんでした
たしかじゃありませんでした 		tashika de wa arimasen deshita
tashika ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 確かで たしかで tashika de
Conditional 確かなら（ば） たしかなら（ば） tashika nara (ba)
Provisional 確かだったら たしかだったら tashika dattara
Volitional 確かだろう たしかだろう tashika darō
Adverbial 確かに たしかに tashika ni
Degree 確かさ たしかさ tashikasa

Synonyms

Adverb

確(たし)か • (tashika) 

  1. if I remember correctly, in my memory, probably but not totally sure
    確(たし)か、ここに来(き)たことがある。
    Tashika, koko ni kita koto ga aru.
    I'm pretty sure that I've come here before.

Usage notes

Adverbial use without the particle に (ni) is colloquial. The meaning for this usage implies a degree of doubt, and is different from the certainly, surely sense of 確かに (tashika ni) that has no such implication.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “確か・慥か”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  • 2002, Yasuo Kitahara, 明鏡国語辞典 (Meikyō Kokugo Jiten), First Edition (in Japanese), Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN
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