科

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

科 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹木卜十 (HDYJ), four-corner 2490₀, composition ⿰禾斗)

Derived characters

• 犐 䌀 蝌 嵙 萪 䈖

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 850, character 20
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24950
• Dae Jaweon: page 1274, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2595, character 7
• Unihan data for U+79D1

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 科
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl, “grain”) + semantic 斗 (“measuring tool”).

Etymology 1

Possibly a *k-prefixed noun derived from 和 (OC *ɡoːl), hence “the things which harmonize” (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

Definitions

科

1. sort; class; kind
2. law; regulation
3. (historical) imperial examination
4. article; clause
5. norms; rules
6. division; branch (of study) (Classifier: 個／个)
7. section; department
8. (taxonomy) family
9. (Chinese theater) action; enactment (as opposed to dialogue, recitation, or singing)

   插科打諢／插科打诨  ―  chākēdǎhùn  ―  to improvise for hilarity; to jest

10. to pass a sentence
11. to check; to examine
12. to punish; to fine or levy taxes

Compounds

Descendants

See also

• (Taxonomy) 生物分類學／生物分类学; 域 (yù, “domain”), 界 (jiè, “kingdom”), 門／门 (mén, “phylum”), 綱／纲 (gāng, “class”), 目 (mù, “order”), 科 (kē, “family”), 屬／属 (shǔ, “genus”), 種／种 (zhǒng, “species”) ^{(Category: zh:Taxonomy)}

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

科

1. ^† to grow; to tiller

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Definitions

科

1. (Hong Kong Cantonese) Alternative form of fol (fo¹, “to follow”).

References

• “科”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. grade
2. categorized classes or the text of law
3. graded crimes
4. examinations graded in classes
5. divide taxes or crimes
6. a (circular) hole

Readings

• Go-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kun: しぐさ (shigusa, 科); しな (shina, 科); とが (toga, 科)
• Nanori: しな (shina)

Compounds

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 科 (MC khwa|khwaH).

Suffix

科(か) • (-ka) ^{←くわ (kwa)?}

1. department, section
2. (taxonomy) family

Coordinate terms

• (Taxonomy) 生物(せいぶつ)の分類(ぶんるい) (seibutsu no bunrui); ドメイン (domein, “domain”), 界(かい) (kai, “kingdom”), 門(もん) (mon, “phylum”), 綱(こう) (kō, “class”), 目(もく) (moku, “order”), 科(か) (ka, “family”), 属(ぞく) (zoku, “genus”), 種(しゅ) (shu, “species”) ^{(Category: ja:Taxonomy)}

Etymology 2

From Old Japanese.

Attested in the Nihon Ryōiki (810‐824 CE).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) と​が (Atamadaka – )
• IPA^(key):

Noun

科(とが) • (toga) 

1. mistake, error
2. crime, offense, wrongdoing
   • 1916, 森鷗外(もりおうがい) [Mori Ōgai], 高瀬舟(たかせぶね) (Takase-bune)‎:

     高(たか)瀬(せ)舟(ぶね)に乗(の)る罪(ざい)人(にん)の過(か)半(はん)は、いわゆる心(こころ)得(え)違(ちが)いのために、思(おも)わぬ科(とが)を犯(おか)した人(ひと)であった。

     Takasebune ni noru zainin no kahan wa, iwayuru kokoroechigai no tame ni, omowanu toga o okashita hito de atta.

     Over half of the prisoners on the boat were people who had been convicted for what we might call human mistakes, people who had unwittingly committed some serious offense.

3. fault, flaw

References

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 科 (MC khwa).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key):
• Phonetic hangul:

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

科

Wikisource

科 (eumhun 과정 과 (gwajeong gwa))

1. Hanja form^? of 과 (“sort; class”).

Compounds

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

科: Hán Nôm readings: khoa

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Derived terms