窪む

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
窪
くぼ
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Etymology 1

Verb derived from noun 窪 / 凹 (kubo, “an indentation, a depression”) + verbalizing suffix む (mu, “seeming like, becoming like”).

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Verb

窪(くぼ)む • (kubomu) intransitive godan (stem 窪(くぼ)み (kubomi), past 窪(くぼ)んだ (kubonda))

  1. to become hollow, cave in, sink in
Usage notes

The transitive form is 窪める / 凹める (kubomeru). Consequently, the potential form is the same as the passive form, くぼまれる (kubomareru), instead of くぼめる (kubomeru) as shown incorrectly in the table above.

The spelling 窪む is used more often for くぼむ, because the alternative spelling 凹む can also be read as へこむ.

Conjugation
Conjugation of "窪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 窪ま くぼま kuboma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 窪み くぼみ kubomi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 窪む くぼむ kubomu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 窪む くぼむ kubomu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 窪め くぼめ kubome
Meireikei ("imperative") 窪め くぼめ kubome
Key constructions
Passive 窪まれる くぼまれる kubomareru
Causative 窪ませる
窪ます 		くぼませる
くぼます 		kubomaseru
kubomasu
Potential 窪める くぼめる kubomeru
Volitional 窪もう くぼもう kubomō
Negative 窪まない くぼまない kubomanai
Negative continuative 窪まず くぼまず kubomazu
Formal 窪みます くぼみます kubomimasu
Perfective 窪んだ くぼんだ kubonda
Conjunctive 窪んで くぼんで kubonde
Hypothetical conditional 窪めば くぼめば kubomeba

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
窪
いし
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

Appears in texts from the Muromachi period.

Ultimate derivation unclear. May be derived from adjective 美しい (ishii), which was used ironically to mean the opposite of its usual positive connotations.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Verb

窪(いし)む • (ishimu) intransitive godan (stem 窪(いし)み (ishimi), past 窪(いし)んだ (ishinda))

  1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) to deform, to become deformed
  2. (archaic, possibly obsolete) to become cracked
Conjugation
Conjugation of "窪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 窪ま いしま ishima
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 窪み いしみ ishimi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 窪む いしむ ishimu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 窪む いしむ ishimu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 窪め いしめ ishime
Meireikei ("imperative") 窪め いしめ ishime
Key constructions
Passive 窪まれる いしまれる ishimareru
Causative 窪ませる
窪ます 		いしませる
いします 		ishimaseru
ishimasu
Potential 窪める いしめる ishimeru
Volitional 窪もう いしもう ishimō
Negative 窪まない いしまない ishimanai
Negative continuative 窪まず いしまず ishimazu
Formal 窪みます いしみます ishimimasu
Perfective 窪んだ いしんだ ishinda
Conjunctive 窪んで いしんで ishinde
Hypothetical conditional 窪めば いしめば ishimeba

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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