自由

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Chinese

 
from; self; oneself
from; self; oneself; since
 
follow; from; it is for...to
follow; from; it is for...to; reason; cause; because of; due to; by; to; to leave it (to sb)
simp. and trad.
(自由) 		自 由
alternative forms 自繇
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Etymology

Attestable from at least the Han dynasty.

Pronunciation

Note: zu6 iu5 - Chaoyang.
Rime
Character 自 由
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 從 (15) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 脂 (15) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 疾二切 以周切
Baxter dzijH yuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/d͡ziɪH/ /jɨu/
Pan
Wuyun 		/d͡ziH/ /jiu/
Shao
Rongfen 		/d͡zjɪH/ /iəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/d͡ziH/ /juw/
Li
Rong 		/d͡ziH/ /iu/
Wang
Li 		/d͡ziH/ /jĭəu/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/d͡zʱiH/ /i̯ə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zì yóu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zi6 jau4

Adjective

自由

  1. free; unconstrained
    我現在感覺很自由。 [MSC, trad.]
    我现在感觉很自由。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ xiànzài gǎnjiào hěn zìyóu.
    I feel really free now.
    自由發表意見／自由发表意见  ―  zìyóu fābiǎo yìjiàn  ―  to express one's views unreservedly
  2. (attributive) freelance
    自由職業／自由职业  ―  zìyóu zhíyè  ―  freelancing
    自由插畫師／自由插画师  ―  zìyóu chāhuàshī  ―  freelance illustrator

Noun

自由

  1. freedom; liberty
    言論自由／言论自由  ―  yánlùn zìyóu  ―  freedom of speech
    婚姻自由  ―  hūnyīn zìyóu  ―  freedom of marriage
    宗教自由  ―  zōngjiào zìyóu  ―  freedom of religion
    出版自由  ―  chūbǎn zìyóu  ―  freedom of publication
    享有自由  ―  xiǎngyǒu zìyóu  ―  to enjoy freedom
  2. (philosophy) freedom

Antonyms

  • (antonym(s) of “philosophy: freedom”): 必然 (bìrán)

Derived terms

Descendants

  • → Zhuang: swyouz

Japanese

Kanji in this term
自 由
じ
Grade: 2 		ゆう
Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology

/d͡ʑiːu/ → /d͡ʑijuː/

Apparently first imported from Middle Chinese 自由 (MC dzijH yuw) with an original meaning of roughly “arising from oneself”. Repurposed in the 1860s by Fukuzawa Yukichi as a translation of English freedom or liberty, as an extension of the original meaning: “freedom to act according to one's own thoughts, without restriction”.

Pronunciation

Adjective

自(じ)由(ゆう) • (jiyū) ←じいう (ziiu)?-na (adnominal 自(じ)由(ゆう)な (jiyū na), adverbial 自(じ)由(ゆう)に (jiyū ni))

  1. free (as in freedom)
  2. flexible

Inflection

Inflection of 自由
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 自由だろ じゆうだろ jiyū daro
Continuative (連用形) 自由で じゆうで jiyū de
Terminal (終止形) 自由だ じゆうだ jiyū da
Attributive (連体形) 自由な じゆうな jiyū na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 自由なら じゆうなら jiyū nara
Imperative (命令形) 自由であれ じゆうであれ jiyū de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 自由ではない
自由じゃない 		じゆうではない
じゆうじゃない 		jiyū de wa nai
jiyū ja nai
Informal past 自由だった じゆうだった jiyū datta
Informal negative past 自由ではなかった
自由じゃなかった 		じゆうではなかった
じゆうじゃなかった 		jiyū de wa nakatta
jiyū ja nakatta
Formal 自由です じゆうです jiyū desu
Formal negative 自由ではありません
自由じゃありません 		じゆうではありません
じゆうじゃありません 		jiyū de wa arimasen
jiyū ja arimasen
Formal past 自由でした じゆうでした jiyū deshita
Formal negative past 自由ではありませんでした
自由じゃありませんでした 		じゆうではありませんでした
じゆうじゃありませんでした 		jiyū de wa arimasen deshita
jiyū ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 自由で じゆうで jiyū de
Conditional 自由なら（ば） じゆうなら（ば） jiyū nara (ba)
Provisional 自由だったら じゆうだったら jiyū dattara
Volitional 自由だろう じゆうだろう jiyū darō
Adverbial 自由に じゆうに jiyū ni
Degree 自由さ じゆうさ jiyūsa
Classical conjugation of "自由なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 自由なら じいうなら ziiunara
Continuative (連用形) 自由に
自由なり		 じいうに
じいうなり		 ziiuni
ziiunari
Terminal (終止形) 自由なり じいうなり ziiunari
Attributive (連体形) 自由なる じいうなる ziiunaru
Realis (已然形) 自由なれ じいうなれ ziiunare
Imperative (命令形) 自由なれ じいうなれ ziiunare
Key constructions
Negative 自由ならず じいうならず ziiunarazu
Contrasting conjunction 自由なれど じいうなれど ziiunaredo
Causal conjunction 自由なれば じいうなれば ziiunareba
Conditional conjunction 自由ならば じいうならば ziiunaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 自由なりき じいうなりき ziiunariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 自由なりけり じいうなりけり ziiunarikeri
Adverbial 自由に じいうに ziiuni
Without auxiliary verb.
With auxiliary verb.

Noun

自(じ)由(ゆう) • (jiyū) ←じいう (ziiu)?

  1. freedom, liberty
    自(じ)由(ゆう)のために戦(たたか)う。
    Jiyū no tame ni tatakau.
    We will fight for freedom.
    • 2002 July 18, “弾(だん)圧(あつ)される民(たみ)”, in ユニオンの降臨 [Advent of the Union], Konami:
      いつの日(ひ)か自(じ)由(ゆう)を手(て)にする事(こと)ができると信(しん)じて日(ひ)々(び)の生(せい)活(かつ)に耐(た)えている。
      Itsu no hi ka jiyū o te ni suru koto ga dekiru to shinjite hibi no seikatsu ni taeteiru.
      They endure every day of their lives, but they believe that they will have their freedom one day.
    • 2013 July 10, Revo (lyrics and music), “紅蓮の弓矢 [Crimson Bow and Arrow]”, in 自由への進撃 [March Towards Freedom]‎ (CD), performed by Linked Horizon:
      屍踏み越えて　進む意思を　嗤う豚よ
      家畜の安寧　…虚偽の繁栄　…死せる餓狼の『自由』を！
      Shikabane fumikoete　susumu ishi o　warau buta yo
      Kachiku no annei　…kyogi no han'ei　…shiseru garō no “jiyū” o!
      You pigs who sneer at our will to step over corpses and march onwards
      Enjoy the peace of livestock …false prosperity …the “freedom” of starving wolves!
    • 2016 January 22, “チャンドラの誓(ちか)い”, in ゲートウォッチの誓い [Oath of the Gatewatch], Wizards of the Coast:
      それで人(ひと)々(びと)が自(じ)由(ゆう)に生(い)きられるのなら、そうね、ゲートウォッチになるわ。
      Sore de hitobito ga jiyū ni ikirareru no nara, sō ne, Gētowotchi ni naru wa.
      If it means that people can live in freedom, yeah, I’ll be one of the Gatewatch.
  2. (rare) demand (for goods or services)
  3. (euphemistic) a toilet, a restroom

Derived terms

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  1. ^ 1866: 西洋事情 (Seiyō Jijō, “Things Western”), Fukuzawa Yukichi, digital version (in Japanese), https://web.archive.org/web/20080613053020/http://project.lib.keio.ac.jp/dg_kul/fukuzawa_title.php?id=3
  2. ^ 2004: 「明治の日本が作り出した新しい言語」 (Meiji no Nihon ga Tsukuridashita Atarashii Gengo, “The New Language Created by Meiji Japan”), Takeshi Ozeki (in Japanese), http://hermes-ir.lib.hit-u.ac.jp/rs/bitstream/10086/8702/1/hogaku0030301790.pdf, page 11 of the PDF.
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  5. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
  • Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  • 2002, Yasuo Kitahara, 明鏡国語辞典 (Meikyō Kokugo Jiten), First Edition (in Japanese), Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
自由

Noun

自由 • (jayu) (hangeul 자유)

  1. Hanja form? of 자유 (“freedom; liberty”).

Kunigami

Kanji in this term
自 由
Grade: 2 Grade: 3

Noun

自由(ぢゆー) (jiyū) 

  1. freedom, liberty

Okinawan

Kanji in this term
自 由
じ
Grade: 2 		ゆー
Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology

Borrowed from Japanese 自由 (jiyū).

Pronunciation

Noun

自(じ)由(ゆー) or 自由(じゆ) (jiyū or jiyu) 

  1. freedom, liberty
  2. as one expects

References

  • “ジユー” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
自由

Noun

自由

  1. chữ Hán form of tự do (“freedom; liberty”).

Zhuang

Noun

自由

  1. Sawndip form of swyouz
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