苦しむ

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Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
苦
くる
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE[1] and related to 苦しい (kurushii, “painful, suffering”). See that entry for more details.

-mu is an auxiliary suffix of becoming the specified state.

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「苦しむ」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		苦しむ くるしむ
Imperative (命令形) 苦しめ くるしめ
Key constructions
Passive 苦しまれる くるしまれる
Causative 苦しませる くるしませる
Potential 苦しめる くるしめる
Volitional 苦しもう くるしもー
Negative 苦しまない くるしまない
Negative perfective 苦しまなかった くるしまなかった
Formal 苦しみます くるしみます
Perfective 苦しんだ くるしんだ
Conjunctive 苦しんで くるしんで
Hypothetical conditional 苦しめば くるしめば

Verb

苦(くる)しむ • (kurushimu) intransitive godan (stem 苦(くる)しみ (kurushimi), past 苦(くる)しんだ (kurushinda))

Japanese verb pair
active 苦(くる)しめる
mediopassive 苦(くる)しむ
  1. suffer, struggle with, be tormented by
    • 2011, Barack Obama, 中東と北アフリカに関するバラク・オバマの演説, translation of "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa":
      それは占領(せんりょう)の屈辱(くつじょく)に苦(くる)しむことを、そして自分(じぶん)の国(くに)に住(す)んでいないことを意味(いみ)してきた。
      Sore wa senryō no kutsujoku ni kurushimu koto o, soshite jibun no kuni ni sunde inai koto o imi shite kita.
      For Palestinians, it has meant suffering the humiliation of occupation, and never living in a nation of their own.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "苦しむ" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 苦しま くるしま kurushima
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 苦しみ くるしみ kurushimi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 苦しむ くるしむ kurushimu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 苦しむ くるしむ kurushimu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 苦しめ くるしめ kurushime
Meireikei ("imperative") 苦しめ くるしめ kurushime
Key constructions
Passive 苦しまれる くるしまれる kurushimareru
Causative 苦しませる
苦します 		くるしませる
くるします 		kurushimaseru
kurushimasu
Potential 苦しめる くるしめる kurushimeru
Volitional 苦しもう くるしもう kurushimō
Negative 苦しまない くるしまない kurushimanai
Negative continuative 苦しまず くるしまず kurushimazu
Formal 苦しみます くるしみます kurushimimasu
Perfective 苦しんだ くるしんだ kurushinda
Conjunctive 苦しんで くるしんで kurushinde
Hypothetical conditional 苦しめば くるしめば kurushimeba

References

  1. ^ “苦”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
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