苦心

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Chinese

bitter; intensely; miserable
bitter; intensely; miserable; painful
 
 heart; mind
trad. (苦心) 苦 心
simp. #(苦心) 苦 心

Pronunciation

Noun

苦心

  1. pains; efforts; hard work

Adverb

苦心

  1. with strenuous efforts; painstakingly

Descendants

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦 心
く
Grade: 3 		しん
Grade: 2
goon on'yomi

Etymology

From 苦(く) (ku, “hard, energetically”) + 心(しん) (shin, “heart”).

Pronunciation

Noun

苦(く)心(しん) • (kushin) ←くしん (kusin)?

  1. pains, efforts, hard work

Derived terms

Idioms

Verb

苦(く)心(しん)する • (kushin suru) ←くしん (kusin)?intransitive suru (stem 苦(く)心(しん)し (kushin shi), past 苦(く)心(しん)した (kushin shita))

  1. make strenuous efforts, be at pains to, struggle to
    苦(く)心(しん)して
    kushin shite
    with great pains

Conjugation

Conjugation of "苦心する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 苦心し くしんし kushin shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 苦心し くしんし kushin shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 苦心する くしんする kushin suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 苦心する くしんする kushin suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 苦心すれ くしんすれ kushin sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 苦心せよ¹
苦心しろ² 		くしんせよ¹
くしんしろ² 		kushin seyo¹
kushin shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 苦心される くしんされる kushin sareru
Causative 苦心させる
苦心さす 		くしんさせる
くしんさす 		kushin saseru
kushin sasu
Potential 苦心できる くしんできる kushin dekiru
Volitional 苦心しよう くしんしよう kushin shiyō
Negative 苦心しない くしんしない kushin shinai
Negative continuative 苦心せず くしんせず kushin sezu
Formal 苦心します くしんします kushin shimasu
Perfective 苦心した くしんした kushin shita
Conjunctive 苦心して くしんして kushin shite
Hypothetical conditional 苦心すれば くしんすれば kushin sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
苦心

Noun

苦心 • (gosim) (hangeul 고심)

  1. hanja form? of 고심
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