苦菜

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Chinese

bitter; intensely; miserable
bitter; intensely; miserable; painful
 
 dish (type of food); vegetables
trad. (苦菜) 苦 菜
simp. #(苦菜) 苦 菜
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Pronunciation

Rime
Character 苦 苦 菜
Reading # 1/2 2/2 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29) 溪 (29) 清 (14)
Final (韻) 模 (23) 模 (23) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division (等) I I I
Fanqie 康杜切 苦故切 倉代切
Baxter khuX khuH tshojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/ /t͡sʰʌiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/ /t͡sʰəiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰoX/ /kʰoH/ /t͡sʰɒiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰɔX/ /kʰɔH/ /t͡sʰəjH/
Li
Rong 		/kʰoX/ /kʰoH/ /t͡sʰᴀiH/
Wang
Li 		/kʰuX/ /kʰuH/ /t͡sʰɒiH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kʰuoX/ /kʰuoH/ /t͡sʰɑ̆iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kǔ kù cài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fu2 fu3 coi3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 苦 菜
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kǔ cài
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khuX › ‹ tshojH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰˁaʔ/ /*s.r̥ˁəʔ-s/
English bitter vegetables

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 苦 苦 菜
Reading # 1/2 2/2 1/1
No. 4242 4243 1076
Phonetic
component 		古 古 采
Rime
group 		魚 魚 之
Rime
subdivision 		0 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		苦 絝 菜
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰaːʔ/ /*kʰaːs/ /*sʰɯːs/

Noun

苦菜

  1. (literally) bitter vegetable
  2. common sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
  3. Alternative name for 敗醬／败酱.

Synonyms

  • (bitter vegetable): (literary) 苦荼 (kǔtú)

See also

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦 菜
にが
Grade: 3 		な
Grade: 4
kun'yomi
 苦菜 on Japanese Wikipedia
ニガナ: Ixeridium dentatum

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

苦(にが)菜(な) or 苦菜(ニガナ) • (nigana) 

  1. toothed ixeridium, Ixeridium dentatum

Usage notes

  • As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary).

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
苦 菜
のけし
Grade: 3 Grade: 4
jukujikun
For pronunciation and definitions of 苦菜 – see the following entry.
【野芥子のげし】
sow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus
Alternative spellings
野罌粟, ノゲシ
(This term, 苦菜, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)
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