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See also:
U+8349, 草
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8349

CJK Unified Ideographs

Translingual

Stroke order
9 strokes
Stroke order (Hong Kong)
10 strokes
Stroke order (Taiwan)
10 strokes

Han character

(Kangxi radical 140, +6, 10 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 9 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 廿日十 (TAJ), four-corner 44406, composition )

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1030, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30945
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1489, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3203, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+8349

Chinese

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *sʰuːʔ) : semantic (grass; plant) + phonetic (OC *ʔsuːʔ). Originally referred to , and later borrowed for the “grass” sense, replacing .

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tswa-n (grass); cognate with Tibetan རྩྭ (rtswa, grass) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

Alternatively, it may be related to (OC *sʰro, “hay”), from Austroasiatic; compare Mon ချဲ (grass; weeds; hay) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation


Note:
  • chāu - vernacular;
  • chō̤ - literary.
Note:
  • cor3 - vernacular;
  • cao3 - literary.
Note:
  • chháu - vernacular;
  • chhó/chhó͘ - literary.
Note:
  • co2 - vernacular;
  • cao2 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡sʰɑu²¹⁴/
Harbin /t͡sʰau²¹³/
Tianjin /t͡sʰɑu¹³/
Jinan /t͡sʰɔ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /t͡sʰɔ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /t͡sʰau⁵³/
Xi'an /t͡sʰau⁵³/
Xining /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Yinchuan /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Lanzhou /t͡sʰɔ⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /t͡sʰɔ⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡sʰau⁴²/
Chengdu /t͡sʰau⁵³/
Guiyang /t͡sʰao⁴²/
Kunming /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Nanjing /t͡sʰɔo²¹²/
Hefei /t͡sʰɔ²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰau⁵³/
Pingyao /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Hohhot /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡sʰæ⁵¹/
Hangzhou /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
Wenzhou /t͡sʰɜ³⁵/
Hui Shexian /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/
Tunxi /t͡sʰə³¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡sʰau⁴¹/
Xiangtan /t͡sʰaɯ⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɑu²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰau³¹/
Taoyuan /t͡sʰo³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰou³⁵/
Nanning /t͡sʰu³⁵/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰou³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sʰo⁵³/
/t͡sʰau⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sʰau³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sʰau²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sʰau⁵³/
/t͡sʰo⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /sau²¹³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (14)
Final () (89)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter tshawX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/t͡sʰɑuX/
Pan
Wuyun
/t͡sʰɑuX/
Shao
Rongfen
/t͡sʰɑuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/t͡sʰawX/
Li
Rong
/t͡sʰɑuX/
Wang
Li
/t͡sʰɑuX/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/t͡sʰɑuX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
cǎo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
cou2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
cǎo cǎo
Middle
Chinese
‹ tshawX › ‹ tshawX ›
Old
Chinese
/*ˁuʔ/ /*ˁuʔ/
English grass, plants rough, coarse

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 16547
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*sʰuːʔ/
Notes

Definitions

  1. herbaceous plant; herb; weed; wort; grass; forb
    [MSC, trad.]
    [MSC, simp.]
    Cǎodì shàng yǒu yī tóu niú zài chī cǎo.
    There is one cow eating grass on the lawn.
      ―  xiāngcǎo  ―  fragrant herb
      ―  chúcǎo  ―  to weed
    木樨  ―  cǎomùxī  ―  sweet clover
      ―  cǎo  ―  grass carp (a herbivorous fish)
  2. Used in names of some woody plants.
      ―  mǎngcǎo  ―  Illicium henryi and Illicium lanceolatum
      ―  cǎo  ―  Codariocalyx motorius
    醉魚醉鱼  ―  zuìyúcǎo  ―  Buddleja lindleyana
  3. straw
      ―  dàocǎo  ―  rice straw
      ―  cǎoxié  ―  straw sandals
  4. (Cantonese, slang) marijuana; cannabis; weed
    [Cantonese]  ―  deoi2 cou2   ―  to smoke weed
  5. (dated) countryside; wilderness
      ―  cǎo  ―  wilderness
    為寇为寇  ―  luòcǎowéikòu  ―  to become a bandit in the countryside
  6. common; ordinary
      ―  cǎomín  ―  common people
      ―  cǎoqiú  ―  Echinopsis oxygona
    金魚金鱼  ―  cǎojīnyú  ―  common goldfish
      ―  cǎoguī  ―  Mauremys reevesii (the most common turtle in China)
      ―  cǎogǒu  ―  native breeds of dog
      ―  cǎo  ―  native breeds of chiken
  7. (dialectal, chiefly of livestock or poultry) female (variant: )
      ―  cǎo  ―  female horse
      ―  cǎogǒu  ―  female dog
      ―  cǎo  ―  hen
  8. careless; rough; sloppy
      ―  cǎo  ―  hasty
      ―  cǎoshū  ―  cursive script
  9. (calligraphy) Short for 草書草书 (cǎoshū, “cursive script (grass script)”).
      ―  kuángcǎo  ―  wild cursive script
  10. draft; sketch
      ―  cǎo  ―  to draft; to draw up (a plan)
  11. (chemistry) oxalic
Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (そう) ()
  • Korean: 초(草) (cho)
  • Vietnamese: thảo ()

Others:

  • Vietnamese: tháu (scrawling)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“black; acorn; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of ).

Etymology 3

Pronunciation


Definitions

  1. (slang, euphemistic, Internet slang) Alternative form of (fuck)

Etymology 4

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese (kusa, LOL). See the Japanese entry for more information.

As an interjection, this term is easily confused with the native “fuck” sense above. To distinguish between the two senses, 中國語中国语 (Zhōngguóyǔ, “Chinese”) and 日本語日本语 (Rìběnyǔ, “Japanese”) are usually put in parentheses following the term to specify which sense is intended.

Pronunciation


Definitions

  1. (neologism, Internet slang) LOL
    中日雙語中日双语  ―  cǎo (zhōngrì shuāngyǔ)  ―  fuck lmao (literally, “ (in Chinese and Japanese)”)
  2. (neologism, Internet slang) hilarious
      ―  Zhè yě tài cǎo le ba.  ―  Isn't this a bit too hilarious?

References

Japanese

Kanji

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
くさ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
(uncommon)

From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kusa. Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[1] Possibly cognate with Korean (kkot, flower).

The development of the fake, amateur senses is unclear.

Pronunciation

Noun

(くさ) (kusa

  1. grass
    Synonym: (in reference to a lawn) 芝生 (shibafu)
    (くさ)()
    kusa o karu
    to cut grass
  2. a weed
  3. a herb
    Synonyms: ハーブ (hābu), (medicinal) 薬草 (yakusō), (cooking) 香草 (kōsō)
  4. a scout, a spy (from the way one would hide in the grass to observe enemy troops)
  5. (figurative, slang, rare) pubic hair

Derived terms

Prefix

(くさ) (kusa-

  1. a fake, a mimic, not the real thing
    (くさ)蜉蝣(かげろう)
    kusakagerō
    a lacewing fly (literally, “fake or mimic dragonfly”, from the visual resemblance)
  2. amateur, small-time
    (くさ)()(きゅう)(くさ)(けい)()
    kusayakyū, kusakeiba
    amateur or pick-up baseball, small-time horse-racing

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
そう
Grade: 1
on'yomi

/sau//sɔː//soː/

From Middle Chinese (MC tshawX).

Pronunciation

Noun

(そう) (さう (sau)?

  1. grass
  2. a draft, a rough copy
  3. cursive, calligraphy in a running hand
  4. something unofficial, an informal abbreviation or knock-off
Synonyms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
くさ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

From the resemblance of multiple repetitions of w (w, LOL) to grass: wwwwwwwww.

Possibly influenced by the term くすくす (kusukusu), an adverb indicating stifled laughter. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

Interjection

(くさ) (kusa

  1. (Internet slang) LOL

Noun

(くさ) (kusa

  1. (Internet slang) "grass", in reference to the expression w (w, LOL); LOLs

Phrase

(くさ) (kusa

  1. Ellipsis of 草(が)生える (kusa (ga) haeru, literally grass grows): (Internet slang) … it's hilarious
    Synonyms: 草(が)生える (kusa (ga) haeru, literally grass grows), 笑える (waraeru, (it is) laughable)
    (さば)()ちてて(くさ)
    saba ochitete kusa
    lol the server's down
    下手(へた)すぎて(くさ)
    heta-sugite kusa
    hilariously shitty
    4日(よっか)しかないのは(くさ)
    yokka shika nai no wa kusa
    only 4 days left haha
    つべで紹介(しょうかい)されてて(くさ)
    Tsube de shōkai saretete kusa
    it got introduced on YouTube lol
Derived terms

See also

References

  1. ^ 草・艸”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (pul cho))

  1. hanja form? of (grass)

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: thảo, tháu, xáo

  1. chữ Hán form of thảo (grass; herbs; draft).
  2. chữ Hán form of Thảo (a female given name).
    阮氏芳草Nguyễn Thị Phương Thảo

Compounds

References