荷

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荷 U+8377, 荷
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8377
← 荶
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 荸 →

Translingual

Han character

荷 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 廿人一口 (TOMR), four-corner 44221, composition ⿱艹何)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1032, character 13
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31000
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1491, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3220, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+8377

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 荷
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (可) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
砢 *ɡ·raːlʔ
柯 *kaːl
菏 *kaːl, *ɡaːl
牁 *kaːl
滒 *kaːl
哥 *kaːl
歌 *kaːl
謌 *kaːl
鴚 *kaːl
哿 *kaːlʔ
舸 *kaːlʔ
笴 *kaːlʔ, *kaːnʔ
軻 *kʰaːl, *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
珂 *kʰaːl
可 *kʰaːlʔ
岢 *kʰaːlʔ
坷 *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls
蚵 *kʰaːls, *ɡaːl
呵 *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls
訶 *qʰaːl
抲 *qʰaːl
荷 *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
何 *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ
河 *ɡaːl
苛 *ɡaːl
魺 *ɡaːl
袔 *ɡaːls
阿 *qaːl
妸 *qaːl, *qaːlʔ
疴 *qaːl, *kʰraːls
鈳 *qaːl
娿 *qaːl, *qaːlʔ
痾 *qaːl
跒 *kʰraːlʔ
閜 *qʰraːlʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qʰaːls, *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ): semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 何 (OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ).

Etymology 1

trad. 荷
simp. # 荷

Possibly related to Burmese ကြာ (kra, “water lily”).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • hô/hô͘ - literary;
  • ô - vernacular;
  • hâ - in 荷包 (hâ-pau).
Note:
  • o5 - vernacular;
  • ho5 - literary.
Rime
Character 荷
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 歌 (94)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡歌切
Baxter ha
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦɑ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦɑ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦa/
Li
Rong 		/ɣɑ/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɑ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hé
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ho4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 荷
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hé
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ha ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ˁaj/
English lotus

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 荷
Reading # 2/3
No. 7463
Phonetic
component 		可
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		何
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡaːl/

Definitions

荷

  1. lotus
  2. lotus leaf
  3. short for 荷蘭／荷兰 (Hélán, “Netherlands”)
  4. a surname
Compounds

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to Etymology 1?”)

trad. 荷
simp. # 荷
alternative forms 𦽅

Pronunciation

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 荷
Reading # 1/3
No. 7457
Phonetic
component 		可
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		呵
Old
Chinese 		/*qʰaːls/
Notes 薄荷（𦽅）的今字

Definitions

荷

  1. only used in 薄荷 (bòhé)
Compounds

Etymology 3

trad. 荷
simp. # 荷
alternative forms 何

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-kal ~ *s-gal (“back (lower); kidney; load; carry”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྒལ་པ (sgal pa, “small of the back”), Mizo kal (“kidney”), Chepang गल् (gəl, “kidney”), Tangut 𗹼 (*khiwa¹, “kidney”), Burmese ခါး (hka:, “waist”), 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ, “to be able to”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 荷
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 歌 (94)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡可切
Baxter haX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦɑX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦɑX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɑX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦaX/
Li
Rong 		/ɣɑX/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɑX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣɑX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hè
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ho6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 荷
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ haX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ˁajʔ/
English carry

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 荷
Reading # 3/3
No. 7465
Phonetic
component 		可
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		荷
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡaːlʔ/

Definitions

荷

  1. to carry (a load on one's shoulder); to hold
  2. to shoulder; to bear (e.g. responsibilities)
  3. load; burden
  4. (physics) load; charge
Compounds

Etymology 4

For pronunciation and definitions of 荷 – see 苛 (“trifling; tedious”).
(This character is an obsolete form of 苛).

Etymology 5

For pronunciation and definitions of 荷 – see 訶 (“to investigate; to interrogate”).
(This character is an obsolete form of 訶).

References

  1. ^ Luce, G. H. (1981) “-A Finals (> 13. Lotus; Water lily (Nelumbium; Nymphaea)”, in A Comparative Word-List of Old Burmese, Chinese and Tibetan, London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, →ISBN, page 1

Japanese

Kanji

荷

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. load, cargo
  2. luggage

Readings

  • Go-on: が (ga)
  • Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
  • Kun: に (ni, 荷, Jōyō)、になう (ninau, 荷う)←になふ (ninafu, 荷ふ, historical)、はす (hasu)

Compounds

Counter

荷(か) • (-ka) 

  1. loads that can be carried on one's shoulders

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 荷 (MC haX, “load”).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

荷 (eumhun 멜 하 (mel ha))

  1. hanja form? of 하 (“load; burden; cargo; freight”)
  2. hanja form? of 하 (“to bear; to undertake; to take charge; to owe”)

Compounds

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 荷 (MC ha, “lotus”).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

Hanja

荷 (eumhun 연꽃 하 (yeonkkot ha))

  1. hanja form? of 하 (“lotus; water lily”)
    Synonym: 蓮 (련/연 (ryeon/yeon))

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

荷: Hán Nôm readings: hà

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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