虐

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虐 U+8650, 虐
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8650
← 虏
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 虑 →

虐 U+2F9B3, 虐
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F9B3
← 䕫
 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 虜 →

Translingual

Han character

虐 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 卜心尸一 (YPSM), four-corner 21211, composition ⿸虍𰀂(GHTKV) or ⿸虍𰀄(J))

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1073, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32678
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1540, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2820, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+8650

Chinese

trad. 虐
simp. # 虐
2nd round simp. 𰀂
alternative forms
𥤫
𩁿
䖋
䖈
𧆱
𥤫
𩁿
䖋
䖈
𧆱
𧆩
𧆧
𧆝
𫊞
䨋
𮓘
𣑅
𣑾
 

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 虐
Shang Spring and Autumn Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (虐) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
虐 *ŋawɢ
瘧 *ŋawɢ
謔 *hŋawɢ

In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 虎 (“tiger”) + 人 (“person”).

Etymology

Possibly related to 謔 (OC *hŋawɢ, “to ridicule”) (Bodman, 1980)。

Pronunciation

Note:
  • ieh4 - literary;
  • nieh4 - vernacular.
Note:
  • gio̍k/gia̍k - literary;
  • lio̍k/jio̍k, ge̍k - vernacular;
  • gio̍h - vernacular (e.g. 礙虐).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 虐
Mandarin Beijing /nyɛ⁵¹/
Harbin /iau⁵³/
/nyɛ⁵³/
Tianjin /niɑu⁵³/
/nye⁵³/
Jinan /yə²¹/
Qingdao /yə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /yo²⁴/
Xi'an /yo²¹/
Xining /ȵyu²⁴/
Yinchuan /nye¹³/
Lanzhou /yə¹³/
/miə¹³/
Ürümqi /yɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /nio²¹³/
Chengdu /nyo³¹/
Guiyang /nio²¹/
Kunming /nio³¹/
Nanjing /loʔ⁵/
Hefei /lyɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /iəʔ²/
Pingyao /ȵyʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /niaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /ȵiaʔ¹/
Suzhou /ȵiɑʔ³/
Hangzhou /ȵiɑʔ²/
Wenzhou /ȵa²¹³/
Hui Shexian /niɔ²²/
Tunxi /ȵio¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ȵio²⁴/
Xiangtan /ȵio²⁴/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /ŋiok̚¹/
Taoyuan /ŋiok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jœk̚²/
Nanning /nœk̚²²/
Hong Kong /jœk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /giɔk̚⁵/
/liɔk̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋyoʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋiɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /ŋiak̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /niɔk̚³/
Rime
Character 虐
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 藥 (107)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 魚約切
Baxter ngjak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋɨɐk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋiɐk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋiɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋɨak̚/
Li
Rong 		/ŋiak̚/
Wang
Li 		/ŋĭak̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ŋi̯ak̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yuè
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		joek6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 虐
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		nüè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngjak ›
Old
Chinese 		/*(r)awk/
English cruel

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 虐
Reading # 1/1
No. 9636
Phonetic
component 		虐
Rime
group 		藥
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		虐
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋawɢ/

Definitions

虐

  1. cruel; tyrannical; oppressive
  2. to abuse; to maltreat
  3. (literary) disaster; calamity, catastrophe

Compounds

Japanese

Shinjitai 虐
Kyūjitai
[1][2]
虐󠄁
虐+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
虐󠄃
虐+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

虐

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. to oppress; to persecute; to tyrannize

Readings

Compounds

References

  1. ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “虐”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎ (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 1061 (paper), page 543 (digital)

Korean

Etymology

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 악 (ak) based on Middle Chinese 虐 (MC ngjak).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅌᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: ngak)

Pronunciation

Hanja

虐 (eum 모질 학 (mojil hak))

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Vietnamese

Han character

虐: Hán Nôm readings: ngược, ngước

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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