虹
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A rainbow.
虹 (niji): a rainbow.
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Translingual
Han character
虹 (Kangxi radical 142, 虫+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 中戈一 (LIM), four-corner 51110, composition ⿰虫工)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1076, character 40
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32830
- Dae Jaweon: page 1545, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2834, character 8
- Unihan data for U+8679
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
虹 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | ||
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 虹 | |
|---|---|
| Shang | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Small seal script |
|
|
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ |
| 篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ |
| 贑 | *kluːmʔ |
| 涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 江 | *kroːŋ |
| 肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ |
| 扛 | *kroːŋ |
| 杠 | *kroːŋ |
| 豇 | *kroːŋ |
| 茳 | *kroːŋ |
| 釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 矼 | *kroːŋ |
| 玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ |
| 虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ |
| 腔 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 羫 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ |
| 啌 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ |
| 舡 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 缻 | *ɡroːŋ |
| 項 | *ɡroːŋʔ |
| 屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ |
| 功 | *koːŋ |
| 工 | *koːŋ |
| 疘 | *koːŋ |
| 魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ |
| 攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 愩 | *koːŋ |
| 碽 | *koːŋ |
| 貢 | *koːŋs |
| 羾 | *koːŋs |
| 空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 箜 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 硿 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 埪 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 鵼 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 鞚 | *kʰoːŋs |
| 叿 | *qʰoːŋ |
| 嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ |
| 訌 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 紅 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 仜 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 葒 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 渱 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 鞏 | *koŋʔ |
| 巩 | *koŋʔ |
| 銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ |
| 恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs |
| 蛩 | *ɡoŋ |
| 筇 | *ɡoŋ |
| 桏 | *ɡoŋ |
| 邛 | *ɡoŋ |
Originally pictographic (象形) in the oracle bone script. The ancient Chinese regarded the rainbow as a two-headed creature.
In the seal script, it has become a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ) : semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
Etymology
Probably non-Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Mien *kluŋᴬ (“rainbow”), Thai รุ้ง (rúng, “rainbow”), Zhuang duzdoengz (“rainbow”), saidoengz (“rainbow”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Benedict (1986) and Carr (1990) relate this to 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) and 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ, “red”).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gang4 / hong2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гон (gon, III)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): gong4 / fung4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jion2 / hung1
- Northern Min (KCR): gô̤ng / ǒng
- Eastern Min (BUC): kê̤ṳng / hùng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): korng5 / horng2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ghon
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gan4 / hong2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, literary, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hóng
- Wade–Giles: hung2
- Yale: húng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: horng
- Palladius: хун (xun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xʊŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, colloquial, standard in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiàng
- Wade–Giles: chiang4
- Yale: jyàng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianq
- Palladius: цзян (czjan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Beijing dialect)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄤˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gàng
- Wade–Giles: kang4
- Yale: gàng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ganq
- Palladius: ган (gan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, literary, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)+
Note: jiàng, gàng - only used as a standalone word.
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: gang4 / hong2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gang / xung
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ²¹³/, /xoŋ²¹/
- (Chengdu)
Note:
- gang4 - vernacular;
- hong2 - literary.
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гон (gon, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): //
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hung4 / gong3
- Yale: hùhng / gong
- Cantonese Pinyin: hung4 / gong3
- Guangdong Romanization: hung4 / gong3
- Sinological IPA (key): /hʊŋ²¹/, /kɔːŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: huung3 / kuung3
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɵŋ²²/, /kʰɵŋ²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: gong4 / fung4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔŋ³⁵/, /fuŋ³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
Note:
- gong4 - vernacular;
- fung4 - literary.
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fùng
- Hakka Romanization System: fungˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: fung2
- Sinological IPA: /fuŋ¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: kiung˖ / fung
- Sinological IPA: /kʰiuŋ³³/, /fuŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
Note:
- Hailu:
- kiung˖ - vernacular;
- fung - literary.
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jion2 / hung1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiɒ̃⁵³/, /xuŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
Note:
- jion2 - vernacular;
- hung1 - literary.
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gô̤ng / ǒng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔŋ³³/, /ɔŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
Note:
- gô̤ng - vernacular;
- ǒng - literary.
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: kê̤ṳng / hùng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰøyŋ²⁴²/, /huŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- kê̤ṳng - vernacular;
- hùng - literary.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: korng5
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɒŋ²¹/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: horng2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɒŋ¹³/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
Note:
- korng5 - vernacular;
- horng2 - literary.
- Southern Min
Note:
- khēng/khěng - vernacular;
- hông - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: kêng6 / hong5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khĕng / hông
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰeŋ³⁵/, /hoŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
- kêng6 - vernacular;
- hong5 - literary.
Note:
- kiang6 - vernacular;
- hong5 - literary.
Note:
- gan4 - vernacular;
- hong2 - literary.
- Middle Chinese: huwng, kaewngH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kˤoŋ/, /*kˤroŋ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːŋ/, /*kroːŋs/
Definitions
虹
Synonyms
- (rainbow):
See also
- 霓 (ní)
Compounds
- 丹虹
- 副虹
- 垂虹
- 垂虹亭
- 垂虹橋／垂虹桥
- 天虹 (tiānhóng)
- 宛虹
- 幡虹
- 彩虹 (cǎihóng)
- 攄虹／摅虹
- 文虹
- 斷虹／断虹
- 日虹
- 星虹
- 晴虹
- 月虹 (yuèhóng)
- 梁虹
- 橋虹／桥虹
- 殘虹／残虹
- 氣勢如虹／气势如虹 (qìshìrúhóng)
- 氣吐虹霓／气吐虹霓
- 氣吞虹蜺／气吞虹蜺
- 氣貫長虹／气贯长虹
- 煙虹／烟虹
- 玉泉垂虹
- 玉虹
- 白虹
- 白虹貫日／白虹贯日
- 直虹
- 荊虹／荆虹
- 虹丹
- 虹伸
- 虹光
- 虹勢／虹势
- 虹吸作用
- 虹吸現象／虹吸现象
- 虹吸管
- 虹女
- 虹帶／虹带
- 虹彩 (hóngcǎi)
- 虹彩膜
- 虹旃
- 虹旆
- 虹旌
- 虹旍
- 虹旗
- 虹星
- 虹映
- 虹梁
- 虹棧／虹栈
- 虹樓／虹楼
- 虹橋／虹桥 (hóngqiáo)
- 虹橋板／虹桥板
- 虹氣／虹气
- 虹泉
- 虹沴
- 虹洞
- 虹燭錠／虹烛锭
- 虹玉
- 虹申
- 虹絲／虹丝
- 虹腰
- 虹膜 (hóngmó)
- 虹舸
- 虹草
- 虹蝀／虹𬟽
- 虹蜺 (hóngní)
- 虹蜺閣／虹蜺阁
- 虹裳
- 虹輝／虹辉
- 虹采
- 虹陛
- 虹雨
- 虹霓 (hóngní)
- 虹飲／虹饮
- 虹鱒／虹鳟 (hóngzūn)
- 蛇虹
- 蝦虹／虾虹
- 謀虹／谋虹
- 貫虹／贯虹
- 跨虹
- 長虹／长虹 (chánghóng)
- 長虹貫日／长虹贯日
- 陰虹／阴虹
- 隱虹／隐虹
- 雄虹
- 雌虹
- 雰虹／氛虹
- 電虹／电虹
- 霓虹 (níhóng)
- 霓虹燈／霓虹灯 (níhóngdēng)
- 霞虹
- 青虹
- 風虹／风虹
- 飲虹／饮虹
- 鬐虹
References
- 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 , editor (2021), “虹”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 331.
- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 , editor (2022), “虹”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 89.
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hòng
- Wade–Giles: hung4
- Yale: hùng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: honq
- Palladius: хун (xun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
虹
Pronunciation 3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gòng
- Wade–Giles: kung4
- Yale: gùng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonq
- Palladius: гун (gun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Middle Chinese: kuwngH
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*koːŋs/
Definitions
虹
- (historical) A county in modern Anhui, China
Japanese
Kanji
虹
Readings
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 虹 |
| にじ Grade: S |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 霓 |
⟨nizi⟩ → /niʑi/
From Old Japanese 虹 (nizi). First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]
Also attested as man’yōgana form 爾自 in the 金光明最勝王経音義 (Konkōmyō Saishōō-kyō Ongi) of 1079. May be a shift from earlier ぬじ (nuji) or のじ (noji) readings.
Pronunciation
Noun
- a rainbow
- Synonym: 虹霓 (kōgei)
- 春雨がやんだ途端に、美しい虹が現れた。
- Harusame ga yanda totan ni, utsukushii niji ga arawareta.
- Just as the spring shower passed, a beautiful rainbow appeared.
- 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 1:
- 虹 毛詩註云：「螮蝀虹也帝董、二音螮又作レ蝃。」［和名：爾之］
兼名苑云：「虹，一名蜺。」五稽反、與レ鯢同、又五結倪擊二反。
今按、雄曰レ虹、雌曰レ蜺也。- Rainbow - according to the annotated Mao Commentary, a bridge becomes a rainbow by the Emperor’s command of two syllables: tei-tung or teitō. Japanese name, niji.
According to the Jianming Yuan, 虹 is also written as 蜺 (Chinese fanqie: 五稽), same with 鯢; five salamanders connect themselves by their ends (Chinese fanqie : 擊二).
Today, males call the rainbow 虹 while females 蜺.
- Rainbow - according to the annotated Mao Commentary, a bridge becomes a rainbow by the Emperor’s command of two syllables: tei-tung or teitō. Japanese name, niji.
Derived terms
Derived terms
Idioms
- 虹を吐く (niji o haku)
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 虹 |
| のず Grade: S |
| irregular |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 虹 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 虹, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 虹 |
| こう Grade: S |
| kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 虹 (MC huwng).
Affix
Derived terms
Derived terms
References
- ^ “虹・霓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 虹 (MC huwng). Recorded as Middle Korean 호ᇰ (hwong) (Yale: hwong) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
虹 (eumhun 무지개 홍 (mujigae hong))
Compounds
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 虹 (MC kuwngH).
Hanja
虹 (eumhun 고을 이름 공 (go'eul ireum gong))
References
Okinawan
Kanji
虹
Readings
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 虹 |
| ぬーじ Grade: S |
| kun'yomi |
From Proto-Ryukyuan *nozi.
Pronunciation
Noun
虹 (nūji)
- a rainbow
References
- ^ Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立国語研究所) (1963) 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省印刷局)
Old Japanese
Etymology
From Proto-Japonic *nonsi. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Noun
虹 (nizi) (kana にじ)
Descendants
- Japanese: 虹 (niji)
References
- ^ “虹・霓”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
Vietnamese
Han character
虹: Hán Việt readings: hồng[1]
虹: Nôm readings: vồng[1]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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