豈

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See also: 岂
豈 U+8C48, 豈
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8C48
← 豇
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 豉 →
豈 U+F900, 豈
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F900
← ퟻ
 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 更 →

Translingual

Han character

豈 (Kangxi radical 151, 豆+3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 山一口廿 (UMRT), four-corner 22108, composition ⿱山豆)

Derived characters

References

Chinese

trad. 豈
simp. 岂

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 豈
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (豈) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
獃 *tŋɯː, *ŋɯː
剴 *kŋɯːl, *ŋɯːl
凱 *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
愷 *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
塏 *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
鎧 *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls
颽 *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
暟 *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
闓 *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls
豈 *ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ
隑 *ɡɯːls, *ŋɯːl
皚 *ŋɯːl
嵦 *ŋɡɯːl
敳 *ŋɯːl
磑 *ŋɯːl, *ŋuːl, *ŋuːls
螘 *ŋralʔ, *ŋɯlʔ
覬 *krɯls
溰 *ŋɯl
顗 *ŋɯlʔ

Possibly a variation of 壴 with the top part modified. May have been the original form of 凱 (“music of triumph”).

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 豈
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 微 (20)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 袪狶切
Baxter khj+jX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰɨiX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰɨiX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰiəiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰɨjX/
Li
Rong 		/kʰiəiX/
Wang
Li 		/kʰĭəiX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kʰe̯iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hei2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 豈
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khj+jX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*C.qʰəjʔ/
English how

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 豈
Reading # 2/2
No. 10123
Phonetic
component 		豈
Rime
group 		微
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		豈
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ/

Definitions

豈

  1. (literary, rhetorical question) how; how can it be that (used in rhetorical questions)
    Synonyms: 怎麼／怎么, 哪, 難道／难道 (nándào), 莫非 (mòfēi)
    豈有此理／岂有此理  ―  qǐyǒucǐlǐ  ―  how can such an idea stand?
  2. (dated) possibly; perhaps (modal particle indicating tentativeness)

Compounds

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 豈 – see 愷 (“peaceful; harmonious”).
(This character is an obsolete form of 愷).

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of 豈 – see 凱 (“music of triumph; paean; triumph; victory; etc.”).
(This character is an obsolete form of 凱).

References

Japanese

Kanji

豈

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

  1. an interjection of surprise

Readings

Etymology

Kanji in this term
豈
あに
Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Since the Heian period, mostly used in 漢文訓読 (kanbun kundoku).

Pronunciation

Adverb

豈(あに) • (ani) 

  1. a rhetorical interrogative: (just) how
  2. expresses a strong denial: not at all, not in the least

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  2. ^ 2002, Yasuo Kitahara, 明鏡国語辞典 (Meikyō Kokugo Jiten), First Edition (in Japanese), Tokyo: Taishūkan Shoten, →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

豈 (eumhun 어찌 기 (eojji gi))

  1. Hanja form? of 기 (“how, what”).

豈 (eumhun 승전악 개 (seungjeonak gae))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

豈: Hán Việt readings: khởi

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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