蹴る

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
蹴
け
Grade: S
kun'yomi

Etymology

*/kuwu/ → /kuweru/ → /kʷeru/ → /keru/

From Old Japanese verb 蹴う (kuu).

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

The conjugation shifted from 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “bigrade conjugation”) (/kuwe-/, /kuu/) to 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”) (/kʷe-/, /kʷeru/) in Early Middle Japanese. This verb was the only shimo ichidan verb in Early Middle Japanese.

Pronunciation of /kʷe/ changed to /ke/ before around 1300.

The conjugation irregularly shifted from 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”) (/ke-/, /keru/) to 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) (/ker-/, /keru/) after the early Edo period.

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "蹴る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		蹴る ける
Imperative (命令形) 蹴れ けれ
Key constructions
Passive 蹴られる けられる
Causative 蹴らせる けらせる
Potential 蹴れる けれる
Volitional 蹴ろう けろー
Negative 蹴らない けらない
Negative perfective 蹴らなかった けらなかった
Formal 蹴ります けります
Perfective 蹴った けった
Conjunctive 蹴って けって
Hypothetical conditional 蹴れば ければ

Verb

蹴(け)る • (keru) transitive godan (stem 蹴(け)り (keri), past 蹴(け)った (ketta))

  1. to kick (something)
    ボールを蹴(け)った。
    Bōru o ketta.
    (He) kicked the ball.
  2. to leave a place, particularly in a wild, angry, or violent fashion: to storm out (in the form 席を蹴る (seki o keru, “to kick one's seat”))
    会(かい)議(ぎ)の席(せき)を蹴(け)って部屋(へや)を出(で)た。
    Kaigi no seki o kette heya o deta.
    (He) stormed out of the conference room.
  3. to reject
    申(もう)し出(で)を蹴(け)った。
    Mōshide o ketta.
    (He) refused the proposal.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "蹴る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 蹴ら けら kera
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 蹴り けり keri
Shūshikei ("terminal") 蹴る ける keru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 蹴る ける keru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 蹴れ けれ kere
Meireikei ("imperative") 蹴れ けれ kere
Key constructions
Passive 蹴られる けられる kerareru
Causative 蹴らせる
蹴らす 		けらせる
けらす 		keraseru
kerasu
Potential 蹴れる けれる kereru
Volitional 蹴ろう けろう kerō
Negative 蹴らない けらない keranai
Negative continuative 蹴らず けらず kerazu
Formal 蹴ります けります kerimasu
Perfective 蹴った けった ketta
Conjunctive 蹴って けって kette
Hypothetical conditional 蹴れば ければ kereba
  • Old Japanese:
Classical conjugation of "蹴う" (ワ行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 蹴ゑ くゑ kuwe
Continuative (連用形) 蹴ゑ くゑ kuwe
Terminal (終止形) 蹴う くう kuu
Attributive (連体形) 蹴うる くうる kuuru
Realis (已然形) 蹴うれ くうれ kuure
Imperative (命令形) 蹴ゑよ くゑよ kuweyo
Key constructions
Negative 蹴ゑず くゑず kuwezu
Contrasting conjunction 蹴うれど くうれど kuuredo
Causal conjunction 蹴うれば くうれば kuureba
Conditional conjunction 蹴ゑば くゑば kuweba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 蹴ゑき くゑき kuweki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 蹴ゑけり くゑけり kuwekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 蹴ゑつ くゑつ kuwetu
Perfect tense (natural event) 蹴ゑぬ くゑぬ kuwenu
Perfect-continuative tense 蹴ゑたり くゑたり kuwetari
Volitional 蹴ゑむ くゑむ kuwemu
  • Early Middle Japanese, early Late Middle Japanese (before around 1300):
Classical conjugation of "蹴ゑる" (カ行下一段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 蹴ゑ くゑ kwe
Continuative (連用形) 蹴ゑ くゑ kwe
Terminal (終止形) 蹴ゑる くゑる kweru
Attributive (連体形) 蹴ゑる くゑる kweru
Realis (已然形) 蹴ゑれ くゑれ kwere
Imperative (命令形) 蹴ゑよ くゑよ kweyo
Key constructions
Negative 蹴ゑず くゑず kwezu
Contrasting conjunction 蹴ゑれど くゑれど kweredo
Causal conjunction 蹴ゑれば くゑれば kwereba
Conditional conjunction 蹴ゑば くゑば kweba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 蹴ゑき くゑき kweki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 蹴ゑけり くゑけり kwekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 蹴ゑつ くゑつ kwetu
Perfect tense (natural event) 蹴ゑぬ くゑぬ kwenu
Perfect-continuative tense 蹴ゑたり くゑたり kwetari
Volitional 蹴ゑむ くゑむ kwemu
  • Late Middle Japanese since around 1300:
Classical conjugation of "蹴る" (カ行下一段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 蹴 け ke
Continuative (連用形) 蹴 け ke
Terminal (終止形) 蹴る ける keru
Attributive (連体形) 蹴る ける keru
Realis (已然形) 蹴れ けれ kere
Imperative (命令形) 蹴よ けよ keyo
Key constructions
Negative 蹴ず けず kezu
Contrasting conjunction 蹴れど けれど keredo
Causal conjunction 蹴れば ければ kereba
Conditional conjunction 蹴ば けば keba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 蹴き けき keki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 蹴けり けけり kekeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 蹴つ けつ ketu
Perfect tense (natural event) 蹴ぬ けぬ kenu
Perfect-continuative tense 蹴たり けたり ketari
Volitional 蹴む けむ kemu
  • Modern Japanese, classical conjugation:
Classical conjugation of "蹴る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 蹴ら けら kera
Continuative (連用形) 蹴り けり keri
Terminal (終止形) 蹴る ける keru
Attributive (連体形) 蹴る ける keru
Realis (已然形) 蹴れ けれ kere
Imperative (命令形) 蹴れ けれ kere
Key constructions
Negative 蹴らず けらず kerazu
Contrasting conjunction 蹴れど けれど keredo
Causal conjunction 蹴れば ければ kereba
Conditional conjunction 蹴らば けらば keraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 蹴りき けりき keriki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 蹴りけり けりけり kerikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 蹴りつ けりつ keritu
Perfect tense (natural event) 蹴りぬ けりぬ kerinu
Perfect-continuative tense 蹴れり
蹴りたり		 けれり
けりたり		 kereri
keritari
Volitional 蹴らむ けらむ keramu

Derived terms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “蹴”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
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