躓く

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
躓
つまず
Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Etymology

⟨tuma tuku⟩ → ⟨tumaduku⟩ → */tumaⁿduku/ → /t͡sumad͡zuku/ → /t͡sumazuku/

From Old Japanese.

Originally a compound of 爪 (tsuma, ancient combining form of tsume, “nail, claw”) +‎ 突く (tsuku, “to poke, jab”).[1][2] The tsuku changes to zuku as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「躓く」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		躓く つまずく
Imperative (命令形) 躓け つまずけ
Key constructions
Passive 躓かれる つまずかれる
Causative 躓かせる つまずかせる
Potential - - -
Volitional 躓こう つまずこー
Negative 躓かない つまずかない
Negative perfective 躓かなかった つまずかなかった
Formal 躓きます つまずきます
Perfective 躓いた つまずいた
Conjunctive 躓いて つまずいて
Hypothetical conditional 躓けば つまずけば

Verb

躓(つまず)く • (tsumazuku) ←つまづく (tumaduku)?intransitive godan (stem 躓(つまず)き (tsumazuki), past 躓(つまず)いた (tsumazuita))

  1. to stumble or trip
    • 2007, 新時代日漢辭典／新时代日汉辞典 (Xīn Shídài Rì-hàn Cídiǎn), 1st edition, 大新書局／大新书局 (Dàxīn Shūjú), →ISBN:
      石(いし)に躓(つまず)いて転(ころ)んだ ― ishi ni tsumazuite koronda ― to be tripped by a stone
  2. to fail partway through
    Synonyms: 蹉跌する (satetsu suru), 挫折する (zasetsu suru)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "躓く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 躓か つまずか tsumazuka
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 躓き つまずき tsumazuki
Shūshikei ("terminal") 躓く つまずく tsumazuku
Rentaikei ("attributive") 躓く つまずく tsumazuku
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 躓け つまずけ tsumazuke
Meireikei ("imperative") 躓け つまずけ tsumazuke
Key constructions
Passive 躓かれる つまずかれる tsumazukareru
Causative 躓かせる
躓かす 		つまずかせる
つまずかす 		tsumazukaseru
tsumazukasu
Potential 躓ける つまずける tsumazukeru
Volitional 躓こう つまずこう tsumazukō
Negative 躓かない つまずかない tsumazukanai
Negative continuative 躓かず つまずかず tsumazukazu
Formal 躓きます つまずきます tsumazukimasu
Perfective 躓いた つまずいた tsumazuita
Conjunctive 躓いて つまずいて tsumazuite
Hypothetical conditional 躓けば つまずけば tsumazukeba
Classical conjugation of "躓く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 躓か つまづか tumaduka
Continuative (連用形) 躓き つまづき tumaduki
Terminal (終止形) 躓く つまづく tumaduku
Attributive (連体形) 躓く つまづく tumaduku
Realis (已然形) 躓け つまづけ tumaduke
Imperative (命令形) 躓け つまづけ tumaduke
Key constructions
Negative 躓かず つまづかず tumadukazu
Contrasting conjunction 躓けど つまづけど tumadukedo
Causal conjunction 躓けば つまづけば tumadukeba
Conditional conjunction 躓かば つまづかば tumadukaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 躓きき つまづきき tumadukiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 躓きけり つまづきけり tumadukikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 躓きつ つまづきつ tumadukitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 躓きぬ つまづきぬ tumadukinu
Perfect-continuative tense 躓けり
躓きたり		 つまづけり
つまづきたり		 tumadukeri
tumadukitari
Volitional 躓かむ つまづかむ tumadukamu

Derived terms

Proverbs

References

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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