酷薄

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
酷 薄
こく
Grade: S 		はく
Grade: S
on'yomi kan'on
Alternative spelling
刻薄

Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 刻薄 (MC khok bak). First attested in Japanese in 1439.[1]

After borrowing, the initial 刻 character in Japanese became more associated with cutting than with cruelty, leading to this character gradually being replaced with the homophonous and partially synonymous character 酷.

Pronunciation

Adjective

酷(こく)薄(はく) • (kokuhaku) -na (adnominal 酷(こく)薄(はく)な (kokuhaku na), adverbial 酷(こく)薄(はく)に (kokuhaku ni))

  1. cruel, inhumane, callous

Inflection

Inflection of 酷薄
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 酷薄だろ こくはくだろ kokuhaku daro
Continuative (連用形) 酷薄で こくはくで kokuhaku de
Terminal (終止形) 酷薄だ こくはくだ kokuhaku da
Attributive (連体形) 酷薄な こくはくな kokuhaku na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 酷薄なら こくはくなら kokuhaku nara
Imperative (命令形) 酷薄であれ こくはくであれ kokuhaku de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 酷薄ではない
酷薄じゃない 		こくはくではない
こくはくじゃない 		kokuhaku de wa nai
kokuhaku ja nai
Informal past 酷薄だった こくはくだった kokuhaku datta
Informal negative past 酷薄ではなかった
酷薄じゃなかった 		こくはくではなかった
こくはくじゃなかった 		kokuhaku de wa nakatta
kokuhaku ja nakatta
Formal 酷薄です こくはくです kokuhaku desu
Formal negative 酷薄ではありません
酷薄じゃありません 		こくはくではありません
こくはくじゃありません 		kokuhaku de wa arimasen
kokuhaku ja arimasen
Formal past 酷薄でした こくはくでした kokuhaku deshita
Formal negative past 酷薄ではありませんでした
酷薄じゃありませんでした 		こくはくではありませんでした
こくはくじゃありませんでした 		kokuhaku de wa arimasen deshita
kokuhaku ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 酷薄で こくはくで kokuhaku de
Conditional 酷薄なら（ば） こくはくなら（ば） kokuhaku nara (ba)
Provisional 酷薄だったら こくはくだったら kokuhaku dattara
Volitional 酷薄だろう こくはくだろう kokuhaku darō
Adverbial 酷薄に こくはくに kokuhaku ni
Degree 酷薄さ こくはくさ kokuhakusa

Noun

酷(こく)薄(はく) • (kokuhaku) 

  1. cruelty, inhumaneness, callousness

References

  1. ^ “酷薄・刻薄”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
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