開化

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See also: 开化

Chinese

open; operate (vehicle); start
to make into; to change into; ‑ization
to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
 
trad. (開化) 開 化
simp. (开化) 开 化
anagram 化開／化开

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 開 化
Reading # 1/1 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 咍 (41) 麻 (99)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division (等) I II
Fanqie 苦哀切 呼霸切
Baxter khoj xwaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰʌi/ /hˠuaH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰəi/ /hʷᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰɒi/ /xuaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰəj/ /hwaɨH/
Li
Rong 		/kʰᴀi/ /xuaH/
Wang
Li 		/kʰɒi/ /xwaH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰɑ̆i/ /xwaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kāi huà
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hoi1 faa3

Verb

開化

  1. to become civilized
  2. (dialectal) to thaw; unfreeze
  3. to blossom; to mature; to reach fruition

Adjective

開化

  1. civilized
  2. liberal; progressive; open-minded
  3. in good spirits

Antonyms

  • (antonym(s) of “civilized”): (literary) 草昧 (cǎomèi), (attributive) 始祖 (shǐzǔ), 原始 (yuánshǐ)

Proper noun

開化

  1. (～縣) Kaihua County (a county of Zhejiang, China)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (開化):

Japanese

Kanji in this term
開 化
かい
Grade: 3 		か
Grade: 3
on'yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

開(かい)化(か) • (kaika) ←かいくわ (kaikwa)?

  1. civilization/modernization (in accordance with Western standards)
    『現代日本(げんだいにほん)の開化(かいか)』
    “Gendai nihon no kaika”
    The Civilizing of Modern Japan (1911 lecture by Natsume Soseki)

Verb

開(かい)化(か)する • (kaika suru) ←かいくわ (kaikwa)?suru (stem 開(かい)化(か)し (kaika shi), past 開(かい)化(か)した (kaika shita))

  1. to civilize/modernize (in accordance with Western standards)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "開化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 開化し かいかし kaika shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 開化し かいかし kaika shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 開化する かいかする kaika suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 開化する かいかする kaika suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 開化すれ かいかすれ kaika sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 開化せよ¹
開化しろ² 		かいかせよ¹
かいかしろ² 		kaika seyo¹
kaika shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 開化される かいかされる kaika sareru
Causative 開化させる
開化さす 		かいかさせる
かいかさす 		kaika saseru
kaika sasu
Potential 開化できる かいかできる kaika dekiru
Volitional 開化しよう かいかしよう kaika shiyō
Negative 開化しない かいかしない kaika shinai
Negative continuative 開化せず かいかせず kaika sezu
Formal 開化します かいかします kaika shimasu
Perfective 開化した かいかした kaika shita
Conjunctive 開化して かいかして kaika shite
Hypothetical conditional 開化すれば かいかすれば kaika sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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