開墾

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See also: 开垦

Chinese

		open; operate (vehicle); start	reclaim (land)
trad. (開墾)		開	墾
simp. (开垦)		开	垦

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kāikěn

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄞㄎㄣˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hoi¹ han²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khôi-khién
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khai-khún / khui-khún

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kāikěn
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄞㄎㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kaikěn
  - Wade–Giles: kʻai¹-kʻên³
  - Yale: kāi-kěn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kaikeen
  - Palladius: кайкэнь (kajkɛnʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaɪ̯⁵⁵ kʰən²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hoi¹ han²
  - Yale: hōi hán
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoi¹ han²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hoi¹ hen²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɔːi̯⁵⁵ hɐn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khôi-khién
  - Hakka Romanization System: koi^ˊ kien^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: koi¹ kian³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoi̯²⁴ kʰi̯en³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khai-khún
  - Tâi-lô: khai-khún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qai'quon
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰun⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰun⁴¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰai³³ kʰun⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰai⁴⁴⁻²² kʰun⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khui-khún
  - Tâi-lô: khui-khún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qui'quon
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰui³³ kʰun⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰui⁴⁴⁻²² kʰun⁵³/

Verb

開墾

to cultivate; to prepare soil for planting

See also

開發／开发 (kāifā)
開闢／开辟 (kāipì)
開拓／开拓 (kāituò)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
開	墾
かい Grade: 3	こん Grade: S
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かいこん (Heiban – )^[1]
IPA^(key):

Noun

開(かい)墾(こん) • (kaikon)

cultivating new land; clearing; reclamation

Verb

開(かい)墾(こん)する • (kaikon suru) suru (stem 開(かい)墾(こん)し (kaikon shi), past 開(かい)墾(こん)した (kaikon shita))

to cultivate; to prepare soil for planting

Conjugation

Conjugation of "開墾する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	開墾し	かいこんし	kaikon shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	開墾し	かいこんし	kaikon shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	開墾する	かいこんする	kaikon suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	開墾する	かいこんする	kaikon suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	開墾すれ	かいこんすれ	kaikon sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	開墾せよ¹ 開墾しろ²	かいこんせよ¹ かいこんしろ²	kaikon seyo¹ kaikon shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	開墾される	かいこんされる	kaikon sareru
Causative	開墾させる開墾さす	かいこんさせるかいこんさす	kaikon saseru kaikon sasu
Potential	開墾できる	かいこんできる	kaikon dekiru
Volitional	開墾しよう	かいこんしよう	kaikon shiyō
Negative	開墾しない	かいこんしない	kaikon shinai
Negative continuative	開墾せず	かいこんせず	kaikon sezu
Formal	開墾します	かいこんします	kaikon shimasu
Perfective	開墾した	かいこんした	kaikon shita
Conjunctive	開墾して	かいこんして	kaikon shite
Hypothetical conditional	開墾すれば	かいこんすれば	kaikon sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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