限る

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
限
かぎ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

Etymology

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Further derivation is uncertain.

While a surface analysis might suggest a relation to 鍵 (kagi, “key”) or its cognate 鉤 (kagi, “lock”), Japanese references do not make such a connection.[1][2][3] In addition, the oldest uses of derived noun 限り (kagiri, “limitation, bound, extent”) indicate that the initial sense was one of "limitation" in terms of time, in contrast to 極み (kiwami, “limitation, bound, extent”) in terms of space.[1]

Pronunciation

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「限る」
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		限る かぎる
Imperative (命令形) 限れ かぎれ
Key constructions
Passive 限られる かぎられる
Causative 限らせる かぎらせる
Potential 限れる かぎれる
Volitional 限ろう かぎろー
Negative 限らない かぎらない
Negative perfective 限らなかった かぎらなかった
Formal 限ります かぎります
Perfective 限った かぎった
Conjunctive 限って かぎって
Hypothetical conditional 限れば かぎれば

Verb

限(かぎ)る • (kagiru) transitive godan (stem 限(かぎ)り (kagiri), past 限(かぎ)った (kagitta))

  1. to limit, to restrict
  2. be limited to, be restricted to

Conjugation

Conjugation of "限る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 限ら かぎら kagira
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 限り かぎり kagiri
Shūshikei ("terminal") 限る かぎる kagiru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 限る かぎる kagiru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 限れ かぎれ kagire
Meireikei ("imperative") 限れ かぎれ kagire
Key constructions
Passive 限られる かぎられる kagirareru
Causative 限らせる
限らす 		かぎらせる
かぎらす 		kagiraseru
kagirasu
Potential 限れる かぎれる kagireru
Volitional 限ろう かぎろう kagirō
Negative 限らない かぎらない kagiranai
Negative continuative 限らず かぎらず kagirazu
Formal 限ります かぎります kagirimasu
Perfective 限った かぎった kagitta
Conjunctive 限って かぎって kagitte
Hypothetical conditional 限れば かぎれば kagireba
Classical conjugation of "限る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 限ら かぎら kagira
Continuative (連用形) 限り かぎり kagiri
Terminal (終止形) 限る かぎる kagiru
Attributive (連体形) 限る かぎる kagiru
Realis (已然形) 限れ かぎれ kagire
Imperative (命令形) 限れ かぎれ kagire
Key constructions
Negative 限らず かぎらず kagirazu
Contrasting conjunction 限れど かぎれど kagiredo
Causal conjunction 限れば かぎれば kagireba
Conditional conjunction 限らば かぎらば kagiraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 限りき かぎりき kagiriki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 限りけり かぎりけり kagirikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 限りつ かぎりつ kagiritu
Perfect tense (natural event) 限りぬ かぎりぬ kagirinu
Perfect-continuative tense 限れり
限りたり		 かぎれり
かぎりたり		 kagireri
kagiritari
Volitional 限らむ かぎらむ kagiramu

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “限”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ “限る”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
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