陸

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See also: 陆 and 六
陸 U+9678, 陸
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9678
← 陷
 		CJK Unified Ideographs 陹 →
陸 U+F9D3, 陸
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9D3
← 戮
 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 倫 →

Translingual

Han character

陸 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中土金土 (NLGCG), four-corner 74214, composition ⿰阝坴)

Derived characters

Related characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1355, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41708
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1858, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4134, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+9678

Chinese

trad. 陸
simp. 陆
alternative forms
 
𤱒
𡽷
𨽐
𨽰
𨽫
𤱒
𡽷
𨽐
𨽰
𨽫
𨽱
𠃈
Wikipedia has an article on:

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 陸
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (坴) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
睦 *mluɡ
坴 *m·ruɡ
陸 *m·ruɡ
稑 *ruɡ
鵱 *ruɡ
鯥 *ruɡ
淕 *ruɡ
踛 *ruɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·ruɡ) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 坴 (OC *m·ruɡ).

Etymology 1

Perhaps related to Proto-Wa (*rok, "dry land") (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Note: lio̍k - including surname.
Note:
  • lêg8 - vernacular;
  • log8 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 陸
Mandarin Beijing /lu⁵¹/
Harbin /lu⁵³/
Tianjin /lu⁵³/
Jinan /lu²¹/
Qingdao /lu⁴²/
Zhengzhou /lu²⁴/
Xi'an /lu²¹/
Xining /lv̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /lu¹³/
Lanzhou /lu¹³/
Ürümqi /lu²¹³/
Wuhan /nəu²¹³/
Chengdu /nu³¹/
Guiyang /nu²¹/
Kunming /lu³¹/
Nanjing /luʔ⁵/
Hefei /luəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /luəʔ²/
Pingyao /luʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /luəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /loʔ¹/
Suzhou /loʔ³/
Hangzhou /loʔ²/
Wenzhou /lɤu²¹³/
Hui Shexian /lo²²/
Tunxi /ləu¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ləu²⁴/
Xiangtan /nəɯ²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /luʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /liuk̚⁵/
Taoyuan /liuk̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /lok̚²/
Nanning /luk̚²²/
Hong Kong /luk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /liɔk̚⁵/
/lak̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /løyʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ly⁴²/
Shantou (Teochew) /lek̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /lok̚⁵/ ～地
/lok̚³/ ～續
Rime
Character 陸
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 東 (4)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力竹切
Baxter ljuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨuk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/liuk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/liuk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/luwk̚/
Li
Rong 		/liuk̚/
Wang
Li 		/lĭuk̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/li̯uk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		luk6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 陸
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ljuwk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*uk/
English land (as opposed to water)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 陸
Reading # 1/1
No. 8533
Phonetic
component 		坴
Rime
group 		覺
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		六
Old
Chinese 		/*m·ruɡ/

Definitions

陸

  1. land; continent; mainland
    登陸／登陆  ―  dēnglù  ―  to land; to go ashore
    陸路／陆路  ―  lùlù  ―  land route
  2. land route; surface transport
  3. Short for 中國大陸／中国大陆 (Zhōngguó dàlù, “mainland China”).
    陸生／陆生  ―  lùshēng  ―  student from mainland China studying in Taiwan
  4. Short for 陸軍／陆军 (lùjūn, “army”).
  5. a surname: Lu
    陸游／陆游  ―  Lù Yóu  ―  Lu You (Southern Song dynasty poet)
Synonyms
  • (land route):
Antonyms

Compounds

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Note:
  • la̍k - vernacular;
  • lio̍k - literary.

Definitions

陸

  1. (financial) Alternative form of 六 (“six”)

See also

Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 106 108 1012
Normal
(小寫／小写) 		〇, 零, 空 一, 蜀 二, 兩／两 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬／万,
十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) 		百萬／百万,
桶(Philippines),
面桶 (Philippines) 		億／亿 兆 (Taiwan)
萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫／大写) 		零 壹 貳／贰 參／叁 肆 伍 陸／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

Japanese

Kanji

陸

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. land
  2. (financial, archaic) six

Readings

Synonyms

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
陸
ろく
Grade: 4
goon
Alternative spelling
碌

Originally referred to "flat" in reference to flat land, in turn the core meaning of the kanji character.

The alternative 碌 spelling is an example of ateji.

First attested in the 羅葡日辞書 (Ra-Ho-Nichi Jisho, “Latin-Portuguese-Japanese Dictionary”) of 1595.

Pronunciation

Adjective

陸(ろく) • (roku) -na (adnominal 陸(ろく)な (roku na), adverbial 陸(ろく)に (roku ni))

  1. flat, not steep
    • 1603, 日葡辞書 [Nippo Jisho, Japanese-Portuguese Dictionary]‎, page 212:
      Rocuna michi.
      Rocuna michi.
      Flat road.
  2. straightforward, uncomplicated, straight, correct
  3. (mostly used in negative expressions) correct, right, complete, sufficient, satisfactory, proper
    ろくでもない人物(じんぶつ)、ろくに休(やす)みも取(と)れない
    roku de mo nai jinbutsu, roku ni yasumi mo torenai
    a person who isn't right, a good-for-nothing / can't even fully take a break
  4. peaceful, tranquil, serene (said of one's surroundings)
  5. even-tempered, easygoing, relaxed
Inflection
Inflection of 陸
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 陸だろ ろくだろ roku daro
Continuative (連用形) 陸で ろくで roku de
Terminal (終止形) 陸だ ろくだ roku da
Attributive (連体形) 陸な ろくな roku na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 陸なら ろくなら roku nara
Imperative (命令形) 陸であれ ろくであれ roku de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 陸ではない
陸じゃない 		ろくではない
ろくじゃない 		roku de wa nai
roku ja nai
Informal past 陸だった ろくだった roku datta
Informal negative past 陸ではなかった
陸じゃなかった 		ろくではなかった
ろくじゃなかった 		roku de wa nakatta
roku ja nakatta
Formal 陸です ろくです roku desu
Formal negative 陸ではありません
陸じゃありません 		ろくではありません
ろくじゃありません 		roku de wa arimasen
roku ja arimasen
Formal past 陸でした ろくでした roku deshita
Formal negative past 陸ではありませんでした
陸じゃありませんでした 		ろくではありませんでした
ろくじゃありませんでした 		roku de wa arimasen deshita
roku ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 陸で ろくで roku de
Conditional 陸なら（ば） ろくなら（ば） roku nara (ba)
Provisional 陸だったら ろくだったら roku dattara
Volitional 陸だろう ろくだろう roku darō
Adverbial 陸に ろくに roku ni
Degree 陸さ ろくさ rokusa

Noun

陸(ろく) • (roku) 

  1. flatness
  2. straightforwardness, uncomplicatedness, straightness, correctness
  3. (mostly used in negative expressions) correctness, rightness, completeness, sufficientness, satisfactoriness, properness
  4. peacefulness, tranquility, serenity (said of one's surroundings)
  5. an even temper, easygoingness, relaxedness

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
陸
ろく
Grade: 4
goon
Alternative spelling
六 (non-legal)

Substitute spelling for 六 (roku, “six”), likely borrowed from similar usage of written Chinese 陸／陆 (“six”).

Pronunciation

Noun

陸(ろく) • (roku) 

  1. (financial, archaic) the number six, 6 (used only in legal documents, otherwise 六)
Usage notes

Legal uses arose due to the relative ease with which certain number kanji can be fraudulently altered to look like other number kanji. For instance, 一 (ichi, “one”) could be modified to look like 六 (roku, “six”), but it cannot be modified to look like 陸 (roku, “six”, in legal contexts).

See also
  • 大字 (daiji, “big character”, more-complicated kanji used as phonetic replacements for simpler numeric kanji, in order to prevent fraudulent modification)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
陸
りく
Grade: 4
kan’on

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 陸 (MC ljuwk). First attested in Japanese as a standalone noun in a text from the mid-1400s.

Pronunciation

Noun

陸(りく) • (riku) 

  1. land (as opposed to sea or other bodies of water)
    Synonyms: 陸地 (rikuchi), おか (oka), くにが (kuniga), くぬが (kunuga), くが (kuga)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
陸
おか
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 陸 – see the following entry.
【おか】
land, ground (as opposed to the sea or other bodies of water)
the bathing area next to an お風呂 (ofuro, “traditional Japanese soaking tub”), often raised relative to the tub basin
the raised portion of a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”) where one grinds the stick of India ink (as opposed to the 池 (ike, literally “pond”) or 海 (umi, literally “sea”), the small depressed basin area where one pours in the water)
Alternative spelling
岡
(This term, 陸, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
陸
くが
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 陸 – see the following entry.
【くが】
陸: the land, the land portion of an area, as opposed to seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, etc.
陸: (archaic, possibly obsolete) an overland route, as opposed to an oversea route
陸: a surname
(This term, 陸, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
陸
くぬが
Grade: 4
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 陸 – see the following entry: くぬが

(The following entry is uncreated: くぬが.)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “陸・碌”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ “陸”, in デジタル大辞泉‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  6. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named K
  7. ^ “六・陸”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  8. ^ “陸”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 陸 (MC ljuwk).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 륙〮 (Yale: lyúk)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 두듥〮 (Yale: twùtúlk) 륙〮 (Yale: lyúk)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

陸 (eumhun 뭍 륙 (mut ryuk), South Korea 뭍 육 (mut yuk))

  1. Hanja form? of 륙/육 (“(dry) land”).

Compounds

Compounds

Etymology 2

Hanja

陸 (eumhun 여섯 륙 (yeoseot ryuk), South Korea 여섯 육 (yeoseot yuk))

  1. (financial) Alternative form of 六 (“Hanja form? of 륙/육 (“six”).”)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

陸: Hán Nôm readings: lục

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