障害
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Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 障 | 害 |
| しょう Grade: 6 |
がい Grade: 4 |
| on'yomi | |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 障碍 障礙 障がい |
Etymology
Pronunciation
Noun
障害 • (shōgai) ←しやうがい (syaugai)?
Derived terms
Compounds
- 障害競走 (shōgai kyōsō)
- 障害児 (shōgaiji)
- 障害者 (shōgaisha)
- 障害物 (shōgaibutsu)
- 障害年金 (shōgai nenkin)
- 障害補償 (shōgai hoshō)
- 障害未遂 (shōgai misui)
- 栄養障害 (eiyō shōgai)
- 嚥下障害 (enge shōgai, “dysphagia”)
- 機能障害 (kinō shōgai)
- 嗅覚障害 (kyūkaku shōgai)
- 視力障害 (shiryoku shōgai)
- 睡眠障害 (suimin shōgai)
- 性同一性障害 (sei dōitsusei shōgai, “gender identity disorder”)
- 電波障害 (denpa shōgai)
- パニック障害 (panikku shōgai)
Verb
障害する • (shōgai suru) ←しやうがい (syaugai)?suru (stem 障害し (shōgai shi), past 障害した (shōgai shita))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "障害する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 障害し | しょうがいし | shōgai shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 障害し | しょうがいし | shōgai shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 障害する | しょうがいする | shōgai suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 障害する | しょうがいする | shōgai suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 障害すれ | しょうがいすれ | shōgai sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 障害せよ¹ 障害しろ² |
しょうがいせよ¹ しょうがいしろ² |
shōgai seyo¹ shōgai shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 障害される | しょうがいされる | shōgai sareru | |
| Causative | 障害させる 障害さす |
しょうがいさせる しょうがいさす |
shōgai saseru shōgai sasu | |
| Potential | 障害できる | しょうがいできる | shōgai dekiru | |
| Volitional | 障害しよう | しょうがいしよう | shōgai shiyō | |
| Negative | 障害しない | しょうがいしない | shōgai shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 障害せず | しょうがいせず | shōgai sezu | |
| Formal | 障害します | しょうがいします | shōgai shimasu | |
| Perfective | 障害した | しょうがいした | shōgai shita | |
| Conjunctive | 障害して | しょうがいして | shōgai shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 障害すれば | しょうがいすれば | shōgai sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
Usage notes
This term was originally written as 障碍 (shōgai), but replaced by 障害 (shōgai) in the national language reform due to 碍 (gai) not listed in 当用漢字 (Tōyō kanji) (Chinese characters for daily use, now replaced by 常用漢字 (Jōyō kanji)). The character 害 (gai) could also mean harm, so 碍 or がい are often used in place of it to avoid its negative connotation.
References
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN