零れる

Japanese

Kanji in this term
零
こぼ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spellings
溢れる翻れる

Etymology

From classical verb 零る (koboru).

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

The kanji spelling is from Chinese 零 (“to fall”), and is unrelated to 零 (rei, “zero”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こぼれる (Nakadaka – )
IPA^(key):

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "こぼれる"

Stem forms
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	こぼれる	こぼれる
Imperative (命令形)	こぼれろ	こぼれろ
Key constructions
Passive	こぼれられる	こぼれられる
Causative	こぼれさせる	こぼれさせる
Potential	-	-	-
Volitional	こぼれよう	こぼれよー
Negative	こぼれない	こぼれない
Negative perfective	こぼれなかった	こぼれなかった
Formal	こぼれます	こぼれます
Perfective	こぼれた	こぼれた
Conjunctive	こぼれて	こぼれて
Hypothetical conditional	こぼれれば	こぼれれば

Verb

零(こぼ)れる • (koboreru) intransitive ichidan (stem 零(こぼ)れ (kobore), past 零(こぼ)れた (koboreta))

Japanese verb pair
active	零す
mediopassive	零れる

to spill
- 1949, Kunio Kishida, Nyonin Katsugō [A Woman's Esteem]:
  
  ほら、ほら、ご飯(はん)粒(つぶ)がぼろぼろこぼれてるわよ。
  Hora, hora, gohan tsubu ga boroboro koboreteru wa yo.
  Oh look now, you’re spilling your rice.
- For more quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.
to scatter
- c. 951–953, Gosen Wakashū (book 1, poem 28)
  梅(むめ)の花(はな)折(を)ればこぼれぬ我(わ)が袖(そて)に匂(にほ)ひ香(か)移(うつ)せ家(いへ)づとにせむ
  mume no hana oreba koborenu waga sode ni nioika utsuse iezuto ni sen
  If the plum blossoms are folded, they will crumble and scatter. O fragrant scent , transfer to my sleeve and let me make you a souvenir for home!
- For more quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.
(of tears) to roll
- 1908, Shūsei Tokuda, Sarazetai [The New Household]:
  
  目(め)からはポロポロと熱(あつ)い涙(なみだ)が零(こぼ)れた。
  Me kara wa poroporo to atsui namida ga koboreta.
  Hot tears rolled down her cheeks.
- 1961, “Ue o Muite Arukō [I Look Up as I Walk]”, Rokusuke Ei (lyrics), Hachidai Nakamura (music), performed by Kyū Sakamoto:
  
  上(うえ)を向(む)いて歩(ある)こう　涙(なみだ)がこぼれないように...
  ue o muite arukō namida ga koborenai yō ni
  Let’s look up while we walk, so the tears don’t fall down.
- For more quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.
to overflow
to escape

Conjugation

Conjugation of "零れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	零れ	こぼれ	kobore
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	零れ	こぼれ	kobore
Shūshikei ("terminal")	零れる	こぼれる	koboreru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	零れる	こぼれる	koboreru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	零れれ	こぼれれ	koborere
Meireikei ("imperative")	零れよ¹ 零れろ²	こぼれよ¹ こぼれろ²	koboreyo¹ koborero²
Key constructions
Passive	零れられる	こぼれられる	koborerareru
Causative	零れさせる零れさす	こぼれさせるこぼれさす	koboresaseru koboresasu
Potential	零れられる零れれる³	こぼれられるこぼれれる³	koborerareru koborereru³
Volitional	零れよう	こぼれよう	koboreyō
Negative	零れない零れぬ零れん	こぼれないこぼれぬこぼれん	koborenai koborenu koboren
Negative continuative	零れず	こぼれず	koborezu
Formal	零れます	こぼれます	koboremasu
Perfective	零れた	こぼれた	koboreta
Conjunctive	零れて	こぼれて	koborete
Hypothetical conditional	零れれば	こぼれれば	koborereba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:零れる.

Derived terms

References

^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK2-1] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

[DJR-3] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

零れる

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