鞏
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See also: 巩
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Translingual
Han character
鞏 (Kangxi radical 177, 革+6, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一弓廿中十 (MNTLJ), four-corner 17506, composition ⿱巩革)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1387, character 28
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42819
- Dae Jaweon: page 1902, character 9
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4333, character 4
- Unihan data for U+978F
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 鞏 | |
|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
|
|
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 缸 | *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ |
| 篢 | *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ |
| 贑 | *kluːmʔ |
| 涳 | *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 江 | *kroːŋ |
| 肛 | *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ |
| 扛 | *kroːŋ |
| 杠 | *kroːŋ |
| 豇 | *kroːŋ |
| 茳 | *kroːŋ |
| 釭 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 矼 | *kroːŋ |
| 玒 | *kroːŋ, *koːŋ |
| 虹 | *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ |
| 腔 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 崆 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 羫 | *kʰroːŋ |
| 控 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 椌 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ |
| 悾 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 跫 | *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ |
| 啌 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 谾 | *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ |
| 舡 | *qʰroːŋ |
| 缻 | *ɡroːŋ |
| 項 | *ɡroːŋʔ |
| 屸 | *ɡ·roːŋ |
| 功 | *koːŋ |
| 工 | *koːŋ |
| 疘 | *koːŋ |
| 魟 | *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ |
| 攻 | *koːŋ, *kuːŋ |
| 愩 | *koːŋ |
| 碽 | *koːŋ |
| 貢 | *koːŋs |
| 羾 | *koːŋs |
| 空 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 箜 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 硿 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 埪 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 鵼 | *kʰoːŋ |
| 倥 | *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs |
| 鞚 | *kʰoːŋs |
| 叿 | *qʰoːŋ |
| 嗊 | *qʰoːŋʔ |
| 訌 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 紅 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 仜 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 葒 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 渱 | *ɡoːŋ |
| 鴻 | *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 汞 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 澒 | *ɡoːŋʔ |
| 鞏 | *koŋʔ |
| 巩 | *koŋʔ |
| 銎 | *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ |
| 恐 | *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs |
| 蛩 | *ɡoŋ |
| 筇 | *ɡoŋ |
| 桏 | *ɡoŋ |
| 邛 | *ɡoŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *koŋʔ): phonetic 巩 (OC *koŋʔ) + semantic 革.
Etymology 1
| trad. | 鞏 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 巩* | |
| alternative forms | 𩊳 𠔣 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gung2
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): gṳ̄ng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): koeng3 / kyoeng3
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khióng / kióng
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5kon
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: gǒng
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gǒng
- Wade–Giles: kung3
- Yale: gǔng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goong
- Palladius: гун (gun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gung2
- Yale: gúng
- Cantonese Pinyin: gung2
- Guangdong Romanization: gung2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʊŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiúng
- Hakka Romanization System: giungˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: giung3
- Sinological IPA: /ki̯uŋ³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: giungˊ
- Sinological IPA: /kiuŋ²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gṳ̄ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: koeng3
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: kê̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰœŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: kyoeng3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰyøŋ³³²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: kjowngX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)oŋʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*koŋʔ/
Definitions
鞏
- to fasten using a leather band
- to secure; to consolidate
- firm; secure
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 栱 (gǒng, “post, pillar”)
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 恐 (kǒng, “to fear”)
- (～國) (historical) State of Gong (a small state during the Spring and Autumn period in modern-day Henan)
- (～縣) (historical) Gong County (in modern-day Gongyi, Henan)
- (～州) (historical) Gong Prefecture (in modern-day Gong County, Sichuan)
- (～州) (historical) Gong Prefecture (in modern-day Longxi County, Gansu)
- a surname, Gong
Synonyms
- (firm):
Compounds
Etymology 2
| trad. | 鞏 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 巩* | |
| alternative forms | 砊 砌 控 空 框 | |
Pronunciation
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khōng
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khōng
- Tâi-lô: khōng
- Phofsit Daibuun: qong
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
Definitions
鞏
- (Taiwanese Hokkien) to build with bricks or cement
References
- “鞏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
鞏
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Readings
Korean
Hanja
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Vietnamese
Han character
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