飯
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See also: 饭
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Translingual
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Han character
飯 (Kangxi radical 184, 食+4, 13 strokes in Chinese, 12 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 人戈竹水 (OIHE), four-corner 81747, composition ⿰飠反(GHTJV) or ⿰𩙿反(K))
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1417, character 27
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44064
- Dae Jaweon: page 1941, character 21
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4444, character 5
- Unihan data for U+98EF
Chinese
| trad. | 飯 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 饭 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 飯 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *bonʔ, *bons) : semantic 食 (“food”) + phonetic 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan).
Etymology 1
Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *puuŋ (“cooked rice”), whence Mon ပုၚ် (pɜŋ, “cooked rice”) (Ferlus, 1988).
Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 2, meaning "what is eaten" (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): fan4
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): фан (fan, III)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): fan5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): fan3
- Northern Min (KCR): būing
- Eastern Min (BUC): buông / huáng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ve
- Xiang
- (Changsha, Wiktionary): fan5 / fan4
- (Hengyang, Wiktionary): fan5
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄈㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: fàn
- Wade–Giles: fan4
- Yale: fàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fann
- Palladius: фань (fanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /fän⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: fan4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: fan
- Sinological IPA (key): /fan²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: фан (fan, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /fæ̃⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
Note: "noodles", "rice" in components, e.g. мифан (米飯).
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: faan6
- Yale: faahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: faan6
- Guangdong Romanization: fan6
- Sinological IPA (key): /faːn²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: fan5
- Sinological IPA (key): /fan³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: fan5
- Sinological IPA (key): /fan¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fan
- Hakka Romanization System: fan
- Hagfa Pinyim: fan4
- Sinological IPA: /fan⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: pon˖ / fan˖
- Sinological IPA: /pʰon³³/, /fan³³/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
Note:
- Hailu:
- pon˖ - vernacular;
- fan˖ - literary.
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: fan3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /fæ̃⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: būing
- Sinological IPA (key): /puiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: buông / huáng
- Sinological IPA (key): /puɔŋ²⁴²/, /huɑŋ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- buông - colloquial;
- huáng - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung, Singapore, Philippines)
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pňg
- Tâi-lô: pňg
- IPA (Lukang): /pŋ̍³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Yilan, Penang, Medan)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
Note:
- pn̄g/pňg/pūiⁿ - colloquial;
- hoān - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: bung7 / beng7 / buin7 / huêng6 / huang6 / huam6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pūng / pṳ̄ng / pūiⁿ / huĕng / huăng / huăm
- Sinological IPA (key): /puŋ¹¹/, /pɯŋ¹¹/, /pũĩ¹¹/, /hueŋ³⁵/, /huaŋ³⁵/, /huam³⁵/
Note:
- bung7 - vernacular (Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai);
- beng7 - vernacular (Jieyang, Chaoyang, Raoping);
- buin7 - vernacular (Haifeng);
- huêng6 - literary (Chaozhou);
- huang6 - literary (Shantou, Chenghai, Raoping);
- huam6 - literary (Jieyang, Chaoyang).
Note:
- fan5 - vernacular;
- fan4 - literary.
- (Hengyang)
- Wiktionary: fan5
- Sinological IPA (key): /v̥an²¹³/
- Middle Chinese: bjonH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*boʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*bons/
Definitions
飯
- any cooked grain (rice, millet, etc.)
- (particularly) cooked rice (Classifier: 碗 m c h mn)
- meal (Classifier: 頓／顿 m mn; 餐 m c)
- (dialectal) noodles
- (Mainland China Hokkien) egg clusters shaped like rice balls (of some animals)
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 米飯 (“cooked rice”)
Dialectal synonyms of 麵條 (“noodle”)
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄈㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: fàn
- Wade–Giles: fan4
- Yale: fàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fann
- Palladius: фань (fanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /fän⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: faan6
- Yale: faahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: faan6
- Guangdong Romanization: fan6
- Sinological IPA (key): /faːn²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Middle Chinese: bjonX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*boʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*bonʔ/
Definitions
飯
Compounds
- 一口飯 / 一口饭
- 一飯之恩 / 一饭之恩
- 一飯千金 / 一饭千金
- 三茶六飯 / 三茶六饭
- 下飯 / 下饭 (xiàfàn)
- 下飯菜兒 / 下饭菜儿
- 下馬飯 / 下马饭
- 不茶不飯 / 不茶不饭
- 丟飯碗 / 丢饭碗 (diū fànwǎn)
- 中飯 / 中饭 (zhōngfàn)
- 乞食飯牛 / 乞食饭牛
- 乾飯 / 干饭 (gānfàn)
- 代飯 / 代饭
- 份兒飯 / 份儿饭 (fènrfàn)
- 便飯 / 便饭 (biànfàn)
- 倒頭飯 / 倒头饭
- 做飯 / 做饭 (zuòfàn)
- 八寶飯 / 八宝饭 (bābǎofàn)
- 公事飯 / 公事饭
- 冷飯 / 冷饭 (lěngfàn)
- 出飯 / 出饭 (chūfàn)
- 剩飯 / 剩饭 (shèngfàn)
- 包飯 / 包饭 (bāofàn)
- 午飯 / 午饭 (wǔfàn)
- 卯飯 / 卯饭
- 吃偏飯 / 吃偏饭 (chī piānfàn)
- 吃大鍋飯 / 吃大锅饭 (chī dàguōfàn)
- 吃太平飯 / 吃太平饭
- 吃子孫飯 / 吃子孙饭
- 吃死飯 / 吃死饭
- 吃派飯 / 吃派饭 (chī pàifàn)
- 吃洋飯 / 吃洋饭
- 吃現成飯 / 吃现成饭 (chī xiànchéngfàn)
- 吃白飯 / 吃白饭 (chī báifàn)
- 吃自在飯 / 吃自在饭
- 吃葷飯 / 吃荤饭
- 吃衙門飯 / 吃衙门饭
- 各衣另飯 / 各衣另饭
- 吃開口飯 / 吃开口饭
- 吃飯 / 吃饭 (chīfàn)
- 吃飯傢伙 / 吃饭家伙
- 吃飯家伙
- 吐飯成蜂 / 吐饭成蜂
- 吃飯防噎 / 吃饭防噎
- 含飯 / 含饭
- 啗飯 / 啗饭
- 嗄飯 / 嗄饭
- 噴飯 / 喷饭 (pēnfàn)
- 噇飯 / 噇饭
- 圓飯 / 圆饭
- 埋鍋造飯 / 埋锅造饭 (mái guō zàofàn)
- 塵飯塗羹 / 尘饭涂羹
- 夜飯 / 夜饭 (yèfàn)
- 大鍋飯 / 大锅饭 (dàguōfàn)
- 大飯店 / 大饭店
- 夾生飯 / 夹生饭 (jiāshengfàn)
- 完飯 / 完饭
- 客飯 / 客饭
- 家常便飯 / 家常便饭 (jiāchángbiànfàn)
- 家常茶飯 / 家常茶饭
- 家常飯 / 家常饭 (jiāchángfàn)
- 小菜飯 / 小菜饭
- 工本飯米 / 工本饭米
- 年夜飯 / 年夜饭 (niányèfàn)
- 年飯 / 年饭 (niánfàn)
- 弄飯 / 弄饭
- 強飯為嘉 / 强饭为嘉
- 房飯錢 / 房饭钱
- 扁擔飯 / 扁担饭
- 打火造飯 / 打火造饭
- 打破飯碗 / 打破饭碗
- 扒飯 / 扒饭 (páfàn)
- 打飯 / 打饭 (dǎfàn)
- 打齋飯 / 打斋饭
- 把飯叫饑 / 把饭叫饥
- 找飯碗 / 找饭碗
- 搭飯 / 搭饭
- 搶飯碗 / 抢饭碗 (qiǎngfànwǎn)
- 摶沙作飯 / 抟沙作饭
- 摶飯 / 抟饭
- 撩水飯 / 撩水饭
- 擺飯 / 摆饭
- 攤飯 / 摊饭
- 放飯流歠 / 放饭流歠
- 整飯 / 整饭
- 方便米飯 / 方便米饭
- 早飯 / 早饭 (zǎofàn)
- 晌飯 / 晌饭 (shǎngfàn)
- 晨炊星飯 / 晨炊星饭
- 晚飯 / 晚饭 (wǎnfàn)
- 會飯 / 会饭
- 朝飯 / 朝饭 (zhāofàn)
- 木桶飯 / 木桶饭 (mùtǒngfàn)
- 歕飯 / 𬅫饭
- 殘湯剩飯 / 残汤剩饭
- 殘羹冷飯 / 残羹冷饭
- 殘羹剩飯 / 残羹剩饭 (cángēngshèngfàn)
- 殘茶剩飯 / 残茶剩饭 (cáncháshèngfàn)
- 每飯不忘 / 每饭不忘
- 水飯 / 水饭
- 沒頓飯時 / 没顿饭时
- 油飯 / 油饭 (yóufàn)
- 泡飯 / 泡饭 (pàofàn)
- 泥飯碗 / 泥饭碗
- 派飯 / 派饭 (pàifàn)
- 混一口飯 / 混一口饭
- 清茶淡飯 / 清茶淡饭
- 淡飯 / 淡饭
- 混飯吃 / 混饭吃 (hùnfànchī)
- 淡飯清茶 / 淡饭清茶
- 淨飯王 / 净饭王 (Jìngfàn Wáng)
- 湯飯 / 汤饭
- 漂母進飯 / 漂母进饭
- 滷肉飯 / 卤肉饭 (lǔròufàn)
- 潑賸飯 / 泼剩饭
- 炒冷飯 / 炒冷饭 (chǎo lěngfàn)
- 炊沙成飯 / 炊沙成饭
- 炊砂作飯 / 炊砂作饭
- 煮飯 / 煮饭 (zhǔfàn)
- 煲飯 / 煲饭
- 蒸沙成飯 / 蒸沙成饭
- 燒飯 / 烧饭 (shāofàn)
- 燴飯 / 烩饭
- 爛飯 / 烂饭 (lànfàn)
- 爺羹娘飯 / 爷羹娘饭
- 爺飯娘羹 / 爷饭娘羹
- 版築飯牛 / 版筑饭牛
- 牢飯 / 牢饭 (láofàn)
- 現成飯 / 现成饭 (xiànchéngfàn)
- 瓷飯碗 / 瓷饭碗
- 用飯 / 用饭 (yòngfàn)
- 甯戚飯牛 / 甯戚饭牛
- 留飯 / 留饭
- 白米飯 / 白米饭
- 白飯 / 白饭 (báifàn)
- 白飯王 / 白饭王
- 白飯青芻 / 白饭青刍
- 盛飯 / 盛饭 (chéngfàn)
- 看天吃飯 / 看天吃饭 (kàntiānchīfàn)
- 砸飯碗 / 砸饭碗 (záfànwǎn)
- 禮先壹飯 / 礼先壹饭
- 稀飯 / 稀饭 (xīfàn)
- 竹筒飯 / 竹筒饭 (zhútǒngfàn)
- 米飯 / 米饭 (mǐfàn)
- 粗茶淡飯 / 粗茶淡饭 (cūchádànfàn)
- 粗衣淡飯 / 粗衣淡饭
- 粗飯 / 粗饭
- 粢飯 / 粢饭 (cífàn)
- 粟飯 / 粟饭 (sùfàn)
- 粥飯僧 / 粥饭僧
- 粢飯糕 / 粢饭糕 (cīfàngāo)
- 粢飯糰 / 粢饭团 (cífàntuán)
- 糝飯 / 糁饭
- 素飯 / 素饭
- 紙飯碗 / 纸饭碗
- 綠豆稀飯 / 绿豆稀饭
- 羹飯 / 羹饭
- 老米飯 / 老米饭
- 自在飯 / 自在饭
- 茶思飯想 / 茶思饭想
- 茶遲飯晏 / 茶迟饭晏
- 茶飯 / 茶饭 (cháfàn)
- 茶飯不思 / 茶饭不思
- 茶飯無心 / 茶饭无心
- 茶餘飯後 / 茶余饭后 (cháyúfànhòu)
- 茶餘飯飽 / 茶余饭饱
- 蓋飯 / 盖饭 (gàifàn)
- 行飯 / 行饭
- 衣架飯囊 / 衣架饭囊
- 襯飯 / 衬饭
- 要飯 / 要饭 (yàofàn)
- 要飯的 / 要饭的 (yàofànde)
- 討飯 / 讨饭 (tǎofàn)
- 豆腐飯 / 豆腐饭 (dòufufàn)
- 賞口飯吃 / 赏口饭吃
- 趕飯擔 / 赶饭担 (gǎnfàndàn)
- 過飯 / 过饭
- 酒囊飯袋 / 酒囊饭袋
- 酒瓮飯囊
- 酒足飯飽 / 酒足饭饱
- 酒醉飯飽 / 酒醉饭饱
- 酒飯 / 酒饭 (jiǔfàn)
- 配飯 / 配饭 (phòe-pn̄g)
- 金飯碗 / 金饭碗
- 鐺底焦飯 / 铛底焦饭
- 鐵飯碗 / 铁饭碗 (tiěfànwǎn)
- 長休飯 / 长休饭
- 長期飯票 / 长期饭票
- 開飯 / 开饭 (kāifàn)
- 隨茶隨飯 / 随茶随饭
- 離娘飯 / 离娘饭
- 電飯鍋 / 电饭锅 (diànfànguō)
- 食飯 / 食饭 (sik6 faan6)
- 飯來張口，衣來伸手 / 饭来张口，衣来伸手
- 飯來開口 / 饭来开口
- 飯前酒 / 饭前酒
- 飯勺 / 饭勺 (fànsháo)
- 飯匙倩 / 饭匙倩
- 飯單 / 饭单 (fàndān)
- 飯囊 / 饭囊
- 飯囊衣架 / 饭囊衣架
- 飯囊酒瓮
- 飯囊酒甕 / 饭囊酒瓮
- 飯坑酒囊 / 饭坑酒囊
- 飯坩 / 饭坩 (pn̄g-khaⁿ) (Min Nan)
- 飯堂 / 饭堂 (fàntáng)
- 飯局 / 饭局 (fànjú)
- 飯店 / 饭店 (fàndiàn)
- 飯店兒 / 饭店儿
- 飯店回蔥 / 饭店回葱
- 飯座兒 / 饭座儿
- 飯廳 / 饭厅 (fàntīng)
- 飯後鐘 / 饭后钟
- 飯攤 / 饭摊
- 飯攤兒 / 饭摊儿
- 飯時 / 饭时
- 飯桌 / 饭桌 (fànzhuō)
- 飯桌兒 / 饭桌儿
- 飯桶 / 饭桶 (fàntǒng)
- 飯盒 / 饭盒 (fànhé)
- 飯盒兒 / 饭盒儿
- 飯碗 / 饭碗 (fànwǎn)
- 飯磬 / 饭磬
- 飯票 / 饭票 (fànpiào)
- 飯票兒 / 饭票儿
- 飯筒 / 饭筒
- 飯籮 / 饭箩
- 飯粘 / 饭粘
- 飯粒 / 饭粒 (fànlì)
- 飯粒兒 / 饭粒儿
- 飯糗如草 / 饭糗如草
- 飯糗茹草 / 饭糗茹草
- 飯糝 / 饭糁
- 飯糰 / 饭团 (fàntuán)
- 飯腥 / 饭腥
- 飯莊 / 饭庄 (fànzhuāng)
- 飯菜 / 饭菜 (fàncài)
- 飯蔬飲水 / 饭蔬饮水
- 飯袋 / 饭袋
- 飯轍 / 饭辙
- 飯量 / 饭量 (fànliàng)
- 飯鋪 / 饭铺 (fànpù)
- 飯鋪兒 / 饭铺儿
- 飯錢 / 饭钱
- 飯鍋 / 饭锅 (fànguō)
- 飯鏟 / 饭铲
- 飯門 / 饭门
- 飯門兒 / 饭门儿
- 飯頭 / 饭头
- 飯食 / 饭食 (fànshí)
- 飯食兒 / 饭食儿
- 飯飽丟箸 / 饭饱丢箸
- 飯飽弄箸 / 饭饱弄箸
- 飯館 / 饭馆 (fànguǎn)
- 飯館兒 / 饭馆儿 (fànguǎnr)
- 鬼飯疙瘩 / 鬼饭疙瘩
- 魯肉飯 / 鲁肉饭 (lǔròufàn)
- 鹵肉飯 / 卤肉饭 (lǔròufàn)
- 鹽水飯 / 盐水饭
- 麥飯 / 麦饭
- 齋飯 / 斋饭 (zhāifàn)
Etymology 2
Borrowed from English fan. Doublet of 粉絲／粉丝 (fěnsī).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄈㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: fàn
- Wade–Giles: fan4
- Yale: fàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fann
- Palladius: фань (fanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /fän⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: faan6
- Yale: faahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: faan6
- Guangdong Romanization: fan6
- Sinological IPA (key): /faːn²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
飯
Synonyms
Compounds
References
- “飯”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #9249”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
| Shinjitai | 飯 | |
| Kyūjitai [1] |
飯 飯or 飯+ ︀?
|
|
| 飯󠄀 飯+ 󠄀?(Adobe-Japan1) | ||
| 飯󠄄 飯+ 󠄄?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
| The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. | ||
Kanji
飯
(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 飯)
Readings
- Go-on: ぼん (bon, 飯)
- Kan-on: はん (han, 飯)
- Kun: いい (ī, 飯)←いひ (ifi, 飯, historical)、くらう (kurau, 飯らう)←くらふ (kurafu, 飯らふ, historical)、くらわす (kurawasu, 飯らわす)←くらはす (kurafasu, 飯らはす, historical)、まま (mama, 飯)、まんま (manma, 飯)、めし (meshi, 飯, Jōyō)
- Nanori: いい (ī, 飯)
Compounds
Compounds
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 飯 |
| はん Grade: 4 |
| kan'on |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
Noun
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 飯 |
| いい Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
⟨ipi1⟩ → */ipʲi/ → /ifi/ → /iwi/ → /iː/
From Old Japanese, also used as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨pi1⟩.
Pronunciation
Noun
Derived terms
Proper noun
- a surname
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 飯 |
| めし Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 召す (mesu, “to call”).[2]
Pronunciation
Noun
Usage notes
This is an informal way to refer to food, and 食う (kuu) is a correspondingly informal way to say "eat".
Derived terms
Proper noun
- a surname
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 飯 |
| まま Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
Clipping of 旨旨 (umauma, “food”, baby talk).[5]
Pronunciation
Noun
- (Tsugaru) cooked rice
- (childish) Alternative form of 飯 (manma)
Derived terms
Etymology 5
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 飯 |
| まんま Grade: 4 |
| kun'yomi |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Compare Korean 맘마 (mamma) and Tsugaru 飯 (mama).
Pronunciation
Noun
Derived terms
References
- ^ “飯”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō
- ^ Hirayama, Teruo, editor (1960), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
Compounds
Vietnamese
Han character
飯: Hán Nôm readings: phạn[1][2], phằn