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See also:
U+99AC, 馬
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-99AC

CJK Unified Ideographs
U+2FBA, ⾺
KANGXI RADICAL HORSE

Kangxi Radicals

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order
(Hong Kong)

Han character

(Kangxi radical 187, +0, 10 strokes, cangjie input 尸手尸火 (SQSF), four-corner 71327, composition ⿹⿺)

  1. Kangxi radical #187, .

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1433, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44572
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1956, character 34
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4539, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+99AC

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Libian (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script
Semi-cursive script Cursive script

Pictogram (象形) – a horse with its head facing the left, showing a flowing mane in the wind. In the bronze inscriptions, the head was often simplified into an eye ( ()). The legs eventually evolved into four dots ( (huǒ), unrelated to (huǒ)).

Contrast with 鹿 (, deer), which saw a very different development, and 𢊁 (as in (jiàn)), which is a hybrid: it has the legs of ( (huǒ)) but the head of 鹿 ().

Etymology

trad.
simp.
alternative forms
 
𫠉

𢒗
𢒠
𢒧
𩡬
𩡮
Sichuan senses
“to bully”
Wikipedia has articles on:

“Horse” – from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ. The sense of “big” is derived from “horse”; compare the English uses of horse.

For the insect prefix sense, see . It has converged with the sense of “big”.

The surname is popularly known to be prevalent among Hui Muslims, where it is likely derived from Arabic مُحَمَّد (muḥammad, Muhammad), although the surname itself predates Islam.

Pronunciation


Note:
  • bé/bée - vernacular (bée - possibly incl. the surname sense);
  • má - literary (incl. surname).
Note:
  • bhê2 - vernacular (incl. surname);
  • ma2 - literary (used in 馬上, 馬虎);
  • ma6 - dialectal usage ("careless, sloppy").
  • (Leizhou)
    • Leizhou Pinyin: bhe2 / ma2
    • Sinological IPA: /bɛ³¹/, /ma³¹/
Note:
  • bhe2 - vernacular;
  • ma2 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang

  • Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (4)
    Final () (98)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () II
    Fanqie
    Baxter maeX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /mˠaX/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /mᵚaX/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /maX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /maɨX/
    Li
    Rong
    /maX/
    Wang
    Li
    /maX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /maX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    maa5
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ X ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*mˁraʔ/
    English horse

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 8715
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*mraːʔ/

    Definitions

    1. horse (Classifier: m c;  m c)
        ―    ―  to ride a horse
    2. (Can we verify(+) this sense?) horse-shaped
    3. (xiangqi) knight; horse (sometimes only on the black side)
    4. (chess) knight
    5. (Cantonese) horse race (Classifier: c)
    6. Original form of (, “chip for counting”).
    7. big (prefix for nouns)
        ―  sháo  ―  ladle (big spoon)
    8. (Southwestern Mandarin, including Sichuanese) to bully
    9. (Sichuanese) to keep a straight face
    10. (Cantonese, slang) subordinate
    11. Prefix for names of insects, also written as .
    12. Short for 馬祖马祖 (Mǎzǔ, “Matsu”).
    13. Short for 馬來西亞马来西亚 (Mǎláixīyà, “Malaysia”).
    14. (Mainland China) Short for 馬克思马克思 (Mǎkèsī, “Marx”).
    15. Short for 馬列主義马列主义 (Mǎlièzhǔyì, “Marxism-Leninism”).
    16. a surname
        ―  Bùfāng  ―  Ma Bufang (Chinese warlord and member of Ma clique)
        ―  Yīngjiǔ  ―  Ma Ying-jeou (President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), 2008-2016)

    Synonyms

    Coordinate terms

    Compounds

    Descendants

    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Japanese: () (ba)
    • Korean: 마(馬) (ma)
    • Vietnamese: (, (xiangqi) horse; (chess) knight)

    Others:

    See also

    Chess pieces in Mandarin · 國際象棋棋子国际象棋棋子 (guójì xiàngqí qízǐ) (layout · text)
    ♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
    (wáng),
    國王国王 (guówáng)
    (hòu),
    皇后 (huánghòu)
    (),
    城堡 (chéngbǎo)
    (xiàng),
    主教 (zhǔjiào)
    (),
    騎士骑士 (qíshì)
    (bīng)

    References

    Japanese

    Stroke order (Japan)
    10 strokes

    Kanji

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. horse

    Readings

    Compounds

    Etymology 1

    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia
    (uma, muma): a pair of horses.
    Kanji in this term
    うま
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

    The initial m sound was apparently emphasized, possibly similar to *mma, becoming then uma or muma, via processes also seen in the word (ume, mume, plum). However, Pellard simply reconstructs Proto-Japonic *uma and treats the mentioned processes as secondary.

    The ma sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). Compare Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, horse), Mongolian морь (morʹ, horse), Korean (mal, horse), Mandarin (, horse), and Proto-Indo-European *márkos (horse) and descendants such as Irish marc (horse, archaic) or English mare (female horse). More at *márkos.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    (うま) or (ウマ) (uma (counter )

    1. a horse
    2. (shogi) a promoted bishop
    3. a sawhorse: a four-leg stand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials
    Usage notes
    • As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ウマ.

    Etymology 2

    Kanji in this term
    むま
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Shift from uma form, becoming more common starting from the Heian Period. This change later reverted, and muma is now considered obsolete.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    (むま) (muma

    1. (obsolete) a horse
      • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4372:
        阿志加良能 美佐可多麻波理 可閇理美須 阿例波久江由久 阿良志乎母 多志夜波婆可流 不破乃世伎 久江弖和波由久 牟麻能都米 都久志能佐伎尓 知麻利為弖 阿例波伊波々牟 母呂々々波 佐祁久等麻乎須 可閇利久麻弖尓
        received the Asigara slope, and I will cross over without looking back. Will a tough man hesitate to depart? I will go crossing Pupa barrier. will stay and dwell at the cape in Tukushi (9) a horse’s hoof, and I will pray will ask that everybody safe until return.
      • c. 935 Tosa Nikki
        ふぢはらのときざね、ふなぢなれど、むまのはなむけす。
        The truth of the time in Fujiwara, even if at the boat road, exchange my horse nose (su element is unknown).
      • c. 935 Tosa Nikki
        けふはあをむまをおもへど、かひなし。
        Today even thinking about the blue horse is in vain.

    Etymology 3

    Kanji in this term
    んま
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    Possibly from preform *Nma, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *Cma.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    (んま) (nma

    1. (Fukui) a horse

    Etymology 4

    Kanji in this term
    んーま
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    Possibly from preform *MCma, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *Cma.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    (んーま) (nnma

    1. (Kagoshima) a horse

    Etymology 5

    Kanji in this term

    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese (MC maeX). The 漢音 (kan'on), so a later borrowing. Compare Min Nan (bé, bée, má) where some of the readings show a shift from initial nasal /m-/ to voiced plosive /b-/.

    Pronunciation

    Affix

    () (ba

    1. horse
      (けい)()
      keiba
      horse racing

    References

    1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten) (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
    2. 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. 3.0 3.1 ウマ/馬/うま”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, Etymology Derivation Dictionary) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.
    4. ^ Pellard, Thomas (2013), “Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system”, in Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter, editors, Japanese/Korean Linguistics, issue 20, CSLI Publications, page 85
    5. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
    6. ^ ウマ”, in 日本の危機言語 (in Japanese), National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, 2022
    7. ^ Vovin (2013), p.128

    Korean

    Hanja

    (eumhun (mal ma))
    (eumhun (seong ma))

    1. Hanja form? of (horse (in compounds)).

    Compounds

    See also

    Okinawan

    Kanji

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings

    Etymology

    First attested in the Liúqiú guăn yìyŭ (琉球館譯語), 1469-1470, as 烏馬 (uma).

    In turn, from Proto-Ryukyuan *Mma, from Proto-Japonic *Cma.

    Cognate with Japanese (uma).

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    (っんま) ('nma

    1. a horse
      (っんま)(くさ)()むん。
      'Nmā kusa kamun.
      The horse eats grass.

    References

    1. ^ Lin, Chihkai (August 2015) A Reconstruction of Old Okinawan: A Corpus-Based Approach, University of Hawaii at Manoa

    Vietnamese

    Han character

    : Hán Việt readings: ((mạc)(hạ)(thiết))
    : Nôm readings: mựa, , mở, mứa, mả, mỡ, ngựa

    Etymology 1

    Noun

    ()

    1. chữ Hán form of (horse).
    2. chữ Hán form of ((xiangqi) a knight; any piece labeled with ).
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2

    Adjective

    (mứa)

    1. Nôm form of mứa (excessive).

    Etymology 3

    Verb

    (mựa)

    1. Nôm form of mựa ((obsolete) don't).

    Etymology 4

    Noun

    (mả)

    1. Nôm form of mả (tomb; grave).
      • 19th century, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu (阮廷沼), Lục Vân Tiên (蓼雲僊), published 1916, lines 921–922:
        (tiểu)(đồng)(chẳng)(kịp)(hỏi)(han)
        𦣰(nằm)(lăn)(bên)(mả)(khóc)(than)(bồi)(hồi)
        Before the page has a chance to pay a visit,
        He throws himself down upon the grave, crying, lamenting, fretting.

    Etymology 5

    Verb

    (mở)

    1. Nôm form of mở (to open).

    Etymology 6

    Noun

    (ngựa)

    1. Alternative form of (Nôm form of ngựa (horse).)

    References