龜茲

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See also: 龟兹

Chinese

phonetic
trad. (龜茲) 龜 茲
simp. (龟兹) 龟 兹
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Etymology

First attested in the Book of Han, written in the 2nd century. Apparently corresponds to the endonym of the historical Kucha in Tocharian B *Kuśi, attested in the genitive Kuśiñ and adjective kuśiññe (“pertaining to *Kuśi”), or its more archaic variant (see Adams, 2013, which reconstructs the Proto-Tocharian *kući(ye) proto-form for the adjective). Cf. Niya Prakrit 𐨐𐨂𐨕𐨁𐨪𐨗𐨎𐨨𐨁 (kucirajaṃmi, “kingdom of Kuci”). Adams (ibid.) suggests further etymology from Proto-Indo-European *ḱewk- (“shining, white”).

Pronunciation

Note: gau1 ci4 - usually avoided for euphemism.
Rime
Character 龜 茲
Reading # 2/2 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 從 (15)
Final (韻) 尤 (136) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III III
Fanqie 居求切 疾之切
Baxter kjuw dzi
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɨu/ /d͡zɨ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kiu/ /d͡zɨ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiəu/ /d͡zie/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kuw/ /d͡zɨ/
Li
Rong 		/kiu/ /d͡ziə/
Wang
Li 		/kĭəu/ /d͡zĭə/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ki̯ə̯u/ /d͡zʱi/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiū cí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gau1 ci4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 龜
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		guī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjuw ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ʷə/
English tortoise

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 龜 茲
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4614 17848
Phonetic
component 		龜 兹
Rime
group 		之 之
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		鳩 慈
Old
Chinese 		/*kʷɯ/ /*zɯ/

Proper noun

龜茲

  1. Kucha or Kuchar (an ancient Central Asian city-state that flourished in the first millennium AD, located in modern day Aksu, Xinjiang)

Synonyms

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia