바다

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Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 바닿〮 (Yale: pàtáh), from pre-Middle Korean *바닥〮 (Yale: *pàták), a form still preserved directly in certain southern dialects. An Old Korean phrase attested in a tenth-century poem, 惡中 (in the sea), has sometimes been segmented as 海惡 (*PATak-kuy, in the sea), which would provide direct attestation of *pàták. However, this is conventionally understood as 惡中 (*PATOL-a-kuy, in the sea), with 惡中 a spelling variant of the fused locative 良中 (*a-kuy).

The */-k/ may be the remnant of an archaic place suffix (see Appendix:Middle Korean h-final nouns), which leaves *바다〮 (Yale: *pàtá) as the etymological root; this notion is further supported by the existence of the alternative Middle Korean form 바ᄅᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: pàlól), representing intervocalic lenition of /t/ to (phonemically /l/) from Old Korean 海等 (*PAtol), a form presumably related to *pàták but with different suffixation. Despite being both the only attested Old Korean form and the more common Middle Korean form, the variant with coda /l/ is now lost in most dialects.

The word may speculatively be related to 바닥 (badak, floor; flat surface), according to Kim 2008. Beyond Korean, the word is believed to be related to Japanese (わた) (wata, sea), perhaps via ancient borrowing from Korean to Japanese, given the apparent lack of derivatives in Japonic languages, compared to the established Japonic root *omi (sea, ocean) with many derived terms.

Pronunciation

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?bada
Revised Romanization (translit.)?bada
McCune–Reischauer?pada
Yale Romanization?pata
  • South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 다의 / 다에 / 다까지

    Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch only on the first syllable, and lowers the pitch of subsequent suffixes.

Noun

바다 (bada)

  1. sea, ocean
    Synonyms: 해양(海洋) (haeyang, ocean), 대양(大洋) (daeyang, ocean)
    Antonyms: (ttang, land), 육지(陸地) (yukji, land, mainland), (mut, land, mainland)
    바다 하늘 모두 얼마나 푸르렀는지, 수평선 따위 누군가 지어낸 이야기 이라고 확신했다.
    Bada-wa haneul modu eolmana pureureonneunji, supyeongseon ttawi-neun nugun'ga jieonaen iyagi-il ppun-irago na-neun hwaksin-haetda.
    The sea and the sky were both so blue that I was certain that the horizon was but a story someone had made up.

Synonyms

Historical and regional synonyms of 바다 (bada, sea)
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GroupRegionLocationWords
Standardised formsSouth Korean Standard Language바다 (bada)
North Korean Cultured Language바다 (bada)
Historical formsOld Korean海等 (*PAtol)
Middle Korean바닿〮 (pàtáh), 바ᄅᆞᆯ〮 (pàlól)
Early Modern Seoul Korean바다 (bada), 바닿 (bada)
Central KoreanGyeonggiModern colloquial Seoul바다 (bada)
Kaesong바다 (bada)
Changpung바다 (bada)
Yeoncheon바다 (bada)
Yongin바대 (badae)
YeongseoKosan바다 (bada)
YeongdongGangneung바다 (bàdà)
Wonsan바다 (bada)
Kumya바다 (bada)
Munchon바다 (bada)
Anbyeon바다 (bada)
Yangyang바다 (bada)
Samcheok바다 (bádà)
North ChungcheongCheongju바다 (bada)
Chungju바다 (bada)
Danyang바다 (bada)
Boeun바다 (bada)
Yeongdong바다 (bada)
South ChungcheongCheonan바다 (bada)
Hongseong바다 (bada)
Gongju바다 (bada)
Seocheon바다 (bada)
Nonsan바다 (bada), 바대 (badae)
South HwanghaeHaeju바다 (bada)
Ongjin바다 (bada)
Yonan바다 (bada)
Taetan바다 (bada)
Chaeryong바다 (bada)
Changyon바다 (bada)
Unnyul바다 (bada)
North HwanghaeHwangju바다 (bada)
Sohung바다 (bada)
Kumchon바다 (bada)
Singye바다 (bada)
Suan바다 (bada)
Yonsan바다 (bada)
Gyeongsang KoreanNorth GyeongsangDaegu'바다 ( bada)
Uljin'바다 ( bada), '바닥 ( badak)
Yecheon'바다 ( bada)
Andong'바다 ( bada)
Uiseong'바다 ( bada)
Cheongsong'바다 ( bada)
Yeongdeok'바다 ( bada), '바닥 ( badak)
Gimcheon'바다 ( bada)
Pohang'바다 ( bada)
Yeongcheon'바다 ( bada)
Goryeong'바다 ( bada)
South GyeongsangBusan'바다 ( bada), 바당 (bádàng)
Ulsan'바다 ( bada)
Changwon'바다 ( bada), '바당 ( badang)
Geochang'바다 ( bada), 바닥 (bádàk)
Hapcheon'바다 ( bada)
Changnyeong'바대 ( badae), 바당 (bádàng)
Hamyang'바다 ( bada)
Hadong바닥 (bádàk)
Jinju'바다 ( bada), '바당 ( badang), 바닥 (bádàk)
Haman바닥 (bádàk)
Gimhae'바다 ( bada)
Yangsan'바다 ( bada)
Sacheon바닥 (bádàk)
Goseong바닥 (bádàk)
Namhae'바다 ( bada), 바닥 (bádàk)
Tongyeong'바다 ( bada), 바당 (bádàng), 바닥 (bádàk)
Geoje바당 (bádàng), 바닥 (bádàk)
Jeolla KoreanNorth JeollaJeonju바대 (badae)
Jinan바대 (badae)
Muju바대 (badae)
Gimje바대 (badae)
Jeongeup바대 (badae)
Imsil바대 (badae)
Jangsu바대 (badae)
Sunchang바대 (badae)
Namwon바대 (badae)
South JeollaGwangju바다 (bada)
Yeonggwang바대 (bade)
Jangseong바대 (bade)
Damyang바대 (bade)
Gokseong바대 (bade)
Gurye바대 (badae)
Hampyeong바대 (bade)
Sinan바닥 (badak)
Mokpo바닥 (badak)
Naju바대 (bade), 바다 (bada)
Suncheon바다 (bada)
Gwangyang바대 (badae)
Yeongam바대 (bade)
Jindo바닥 (badak)
Haenam바대 (bade), 바닥 (badak)
Gangjin바대 (bade)
Wando바닥 (badak), 바탕 (batang) (less common)
Jangheung바대 (bade)
Boseong바대 (badae)
Goheung바닥 (badak)
Yeosu바닥 (badak), 바당 (badang)
Pyongan KoreanSouth PyonganPyongyang바다 (bada)
North PyonganPakchon바다 (bada)
Nyongbyon바다 (bada)
Kusong바다 (bada)
Huichon바다 (bada)
Kanggye바다 (bada)
Chasong바다 (bada)
Hamgyong KoreanSouth HamgyongHamhung바'다 (ba da)
Chongpyong바'다 (ba da)
Yonggwang바'다 (ba da)
Sinhung바'다 (ba da)
Hongwon바'다 (ba da)
Pukchong바'다 (ba da)
Tanchon바'당 (ba dang)
North HamgyongChongjin바'다 (ba da)
Kimchaek바'다 (ba da)
Kilju바'당 (ba dang)
Myongchon바'다 (ba da)
Kyongsong바'다 (ba da)
Puryong바'다 (ba da)
Musan바'당 (ba dang)
Hyesan바'다 (ba da)
Kapsan바'다 (ba da)
Pungso바'다 (ba da)
Kimhyongjik바'다 (ba da)
Yukjin KoreanYukjinKyonghung바다 (bàdá)
Hoeryong바당 (bàdáng)
Onsong바다 (bàdá)
Kyongwon바당 (bàdáng)
DiasporaHunchun바다 (bàdá)
JejuJeju City바당 (badang), 와당 (wadang)
Daejeong바당 (badang), 와당 (wadang), 바릇 (bareut)
Gujwa바당 (badang), 와당 (wadang)
Seogwipo바당 (badang), 와당 (wadang), 바릇 (bareut)
Note: Jeolla and Gyeongsang speakers may prefer to use words for 'beach' or 'seashore' in contexts where Seoul speakers would use 바다.
This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers, which has lexically converged towards the standard Seoul dialect in both North and South Koreas.

Derived terms

See also

References

  • 김영일 [gimyeong'il] (2008) “한국어 어휘 비교의 재인식 [han'gugeo eohwi bigyoui jaeinsik, A new approach to Korean lexical comparisons]”, in Hangeul, volume 279, page 153−176
  • Alexander Vovin (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Genetic Origin, University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN.
  • Vovin, Alexander (2015) “On The Etymology of Middle Korean psʌr 'rice'”, in Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları, number 25.2, pages 229-238
  • 박석문 (Park Seok-mun), 서장국 (Seo Jang-guk) (2015) “국어 어말음 ‘ㄱ’의 교체와 변화에 대하여 [gugeo eomareum ‘g’ui gyochewa byeonhwa'e daehayeo, On the alternation and change of the Korean coda consonant *-k]”, in Ban'gyo Eomun Yeon'gu, volume 41, pages 315–334

Middle Korean

Noun

바다〮 (pàtá)

  1. Isolated form spelling of 바닿〮 (pàtáh, sea; ocean)