뿌리

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Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 불휘〮 (Yale: pwùlhwúy), from pre-Middle Korean *pwùlùkwúy.[1] Most dialectal forms that superficially appear to have preserved */-k-/ have actually just appended various suffixes with /-k-/ to 뿌리 (ppuri).[2][3] However, the sporadic Gyeongsang forms that begin with 뿔ㄱ (ppulg-), such as 뿔개이 (ppulgaei), represent a genuine archaism of the */-k-/.[4]

Beyond Middle Korean, the Korean word was borrowed at some point by Jurchens/Manchus as Manchu ᡶᡠᠯᡝᡥᡝ (fulehe, root); contrast with native Tungusic ᡩᠠ (da, root).[1] See the Manchu entry for more.

Pronunciation

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?ppuri
Revised Romanization (translit.)?ppuli
McCune–Reischauer?ppuri
Yale Romanization?ppuli
  • South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 리의 / 리에 / 리까지

    Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch only on the first syllable, and lowers the pitch of subsequent suffixes.

뿌리 (ppuri, root)

Noun

뿌리 (ppuri)

  1. root (of plants)
    나무 뿌리 내린다
    namu-ga ppuri-reul naerinda
    The tree takes root
  2. (figurative) origin, source
    Synonym: 근원(根源) (geunwon)
  3. (rare, nativising coinage) Synonym of 어근(語根) (eogeun, linguistic root, root morpheme).

Synonyms

Historical and regional synonyms of 뿌리 (ppuri, root)
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GroupRegionLocationWords
Standardised formsSouth Korean Standard Language뿌리 (ppuri)
North Korean Cultured Language뿌리 (ppuri)
Historical formsMiddle Korean불휘〮 (pwùlhwúy)
Early Modern Seoul Korean불희 (bulhui), ᄲᅮ릐 (ppurui)
Central KoreanGyeonggiModern colloquial Seoul뿌리 (ppuri)
Guri뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌럭지 (ppureokji), 뿌러지 (ppureoji)
YeongdongGangneung뿌레기 (ppùrégì), 뿌럭지 (ppùréokjì)
Yangyang뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Samcheok뿌레기 (ppùrégì)
Jeongseon뿌레기 (ppuregi)
North ChungcheongCheongju뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Chungju뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Danyang뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Goesan뿌링이 (ppuring'i)
Boeun뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Okcheon뿌링이 (ppuring'i)
Yeongdong뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
South ChungcheongDaejeon뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌링이 (ppuring'i)
Taean뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Seosan뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌러기 (ppureogi), 뿌럭지 (ppureokji)
Dangjin뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌레기 (ppuregi), 뿌럭지 (ppureokji)
Asan뿌렁이 (ppureong'i)
Cheonan뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌렁지 (ppureongji)
Yesan뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌리기 (ppurigi), 뿌럭지 (ppureokji)
Hongseong뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌래기 (ppuraegi), 뿌러기 (ppureogi)
Cheongyang뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Gongju뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Yeongi뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Boryeong뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Buyeo뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Seocheon뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Nonsan뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Geumsan뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i), 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i)
Gyeongsang KoreanNorth GyeongsangDaegu뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Yeongju뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Uljin뿌리기 (ppurigi), 뿌런거지 (ppureon'geoji), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Yecheon뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì)
Andong뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Uiseong뿌랙지 (ppuraekji), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Cheongsong뿌레기 (ppuregi), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Yeongdeok뿔거지 (ppulgeoji), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Gimcheon뿌링이 (ppuring'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Pohang뿔거지 (ppulgeoji), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Gyeongsan뿌리 (ppuri)
Yeongcheon뿔거지 (ppulgeoji)
Goryeong뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì)
Ulleung뿌렁거지 (ppureonggeoji), 뿔거지 (ppulgeoji)
South GyeongsangBusan뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Ulsan뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿔거지 (ppulgeoji), 뿔개이 (ppulgaei), 뿌러지 (ppureoji), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Changwon뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿌룽구 (ppurunggu), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Geochang뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Hapcheon뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿌렁지 (ppureongji)
Changnyeong뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Miryang뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Hamyang뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Sancheong뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌렁이 (ppùrẽ́́uì)
Hadong뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì)
Jinju뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Haman뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Gimhae뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Yangsan뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿔거지 (ppulgeoji), 뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Sacheon뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Goseong뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Namhae뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrã́eì), 뿌래이 (ppuraei), 뿌룽구 (ppurunggu), 뿌우리 (ppuuri)
Tongyeong뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌리이 (ppurii)
Geoje뿌링이 (ppùrĩ́ì), 뿌랭이 (ppùrẽ́́ì), 뿌리이 (ppurii), 뿌룽구 (ppurunggu), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu)
DiasporaJilin City뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Jeolla KoreanNorth JeollaJeonju뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Gunsan뿌리 (ppuri)
Jinan뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i)
Muju뿌링이 (ppuring'i)
Gimje뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu)
Jeongeup뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu)
Imsil뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Jangsu뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i)
Sunchang뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i)
Namwon뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌리 (ppuri)
South JeollaGwangju뿌렁구 (ppureonggu), 뿌랑구 (ppuranggu), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Yeonggwang뿌랭이 (ppurẽi), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu)
Jangseong뿌렁구 (ppureonggu)
Damyang뿌랭이 (ppureng'i)
Gokseong뿌랭이 (ppureng'i)
Sinan뿌렁구 (ppureonggu), 뿌렁이 (ppureong'i)
Muan뿌렁구 (ppureonggu)
Mokpo뿌리 (ppuri)
Naju뿌렝기 (ppurenggi), 뿌리 (ppuri)
Hwasun뿌랭기 (ppurenggi)
Suncheon뿌랭이 (ppureng'i)
Gwangyang뿌랑구 (ppuranggu), 뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i)
Yeongam뿌리 (ppuri)
Jindo뿌렁구 (ppureonggu)
Haenam뿌랑구 (ppuranggu)
Gangjin뿌리 (ppuri)
Wando뿌렁구 (ppureonggu), 뿌랑구 (ppuranggu), 뿌당구 (ppudanggu), 뿌렁지 (ppureongji)
Jangheung뿌렁구 (ppureonggu)
Boseong뿌랭이 (ppuraeng'i), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu)
Yeosu뿌랭기 (ppurenggi), 뿌렁구 (ppureonggu)
Pyongan KoreanSouth PyonganChunghwa뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Kangso뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Ryonggang뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Nampo뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Taedong뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Pyongwon뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Songchon뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Unsan뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Sunchon뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Anju뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Kaechon뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Maengsan뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Tokchon뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Nyongwon뿌레기 (ppuregi)
North PyonganSinuiju뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Uiju뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Pakchon뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Chongju뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Cholsan뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Nyongbyon뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Taechon뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Unsan뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Sakju뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Huichon뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Kanggye뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Chasong뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Hamgyong KoreanNorth HamgyongKimhyongjik뿌레기 (ppuregi)
Yukjin KoreanDiasporaHunchun뿌리 (ppùrí)
JejuJeju City뿔리 (ppulli), 뿔희 (ppulhui), 불희 (bulhui), 불리 (bulli)
Daejeong뿔리 (ppulli), 뿔희 (ppulhui), 불희 (bulhui), 불리 (bulli)
Gujwa뿔리 (ppulli), 뿔희 (ppulhui), 불희 (bulhui), 불리 (bulli), 뿌렝이 (ppureng'i)
Seogwipo뿔리 (ppulli), 뿔희 (ppulhui), 불희 (bulhui), 불리 (bulli)
This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers, which has lexically converged towards the standard Seoul dialect in both North and South Koreas.

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Vovin, Alexander (2006) “Why Manchu and Jurchen Look So Un-Tungusic”, in Alessandra Pozzi, Juha Janhunen and Michael Weiers, editors, Tumen jalafun secen aku. Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pages 255-266
  2. ^ ()()() (1979) “()()()()()()()() ()() [A morphological study of the Pyongan dialect]”, in Seonggok nonchong, volume 10, pages 249—290
  3. ^ 이기갑 [igigap] (2005) “전남 방언의 파생접미사(I)—명사와 동사의 파생을 중심으로— [jeonnam bang'eonui pasaengjeommisa(I)-myeongsawa dongsaui pasaeng'eul jungsimeuro-, Derivational suffixes in the southern Jeolla dialect of Korean: Focusing on the derivation of nouns and verbs]”, in Eoneohak, volume 41, pages 159—193
  4. ^ 신승용 (Shin Seung-yong) (2003) “/k/ > /h/ ()()()()() [Study on the /k/ > /h/ shift]”, in Gugeohak, volume 41, pages 93—122