First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 時根 (Yale: *sìk-ún), in the gerund form.
In the hangul script, first attested in the Gugeupganibang eonhae (救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해), 1489, as Middle Korean 식다〮 (Yale: sìk-tá).
Compare Manchu ᠰᡳᠩᡴᡝᠶᡝᠨ (singkeyen, “to be cold, chilly”).
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | sikda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | sigda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | sikta |
| Yale Romanization? | sikta |
| Base | 식다 (sikda) |
|---|---|
| Causative | 식히다 (sikhida) |
식다 • (sikda) (infinitive 식어, sequential 식으니)
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 식는다 singneunda |
식어 sigeo |
식어요 sigeoyo |
식습니다 sikseumnida |
| Past | 식었다 sigeotda |
식었어 sigeosseo |
식었어요 sigeosseoyo |
식었습니다 sigeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 식느냐 singneunya |
식어 sigeo |
식어요 sigeoyo |
식습니까 sikseumnikka |
| Past | 식었느냐 sigeonneunya |
식었어 sigeosseo |
식었어요 sigeosseoyo |
식었습니까 sigeotseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 식자 sikja |
식어 sigeo |
식어요 sigeoyo |
식으십시다 sigeusipsida | |
| Imperative | 식어라 sigeora |
식어 sigeo |
식어요 sigeoyo |
식읍시오 sigeupsio | |
| Assertive | 식겠다 sikgetda |
식겠어 sikgesseo |
식겠어요 sikgesseoyo |
식겠습니다 sikgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 식어 sigeo |
식어서 sigeoseo |
식으니 sigeuni |
식으니까 sigeunikka | |
| Contrast | 식지만 sikjiman |
식는데 singneunde |
식더니 sikdeoni |
||
| Conjunction | 식고 sikgo |
||||
| Condition | 식으면 sigeumyeon |
식어야 sigeoya |
|||
| Motive | 식으려고 sigeuryeogo |
||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 식음 sigeum |
식기 sikgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 식었음 sigeosseum |
식었기 sigeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 식은 sigeun | |||
| Present | 식는 singneun | ||||
| Future | 식을 sigeul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 식으신다 sigeusinda |
식으셔 sigeusyeo |
식으세요, 식으셔요 sigeuseyo, sigeusyeoyo |
식으십니다 sigeusimnida |
| Past | 식으셨다 sigeusyeotda |
식으셨어 sigeusyeosseo |
식으셨어요 sigeusyeosseoyo |
식으셨습니다 sigeusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 식으시느냐 sigeusineunya |
식으셔 sigeusyeo |
식으세요, 식으셔요 sigeuseyo, sigeusyeoyo |
식으십니까 sigeusimnikka |
| Past | 식으셨느냐 sigeusyeonneunya |
식으셨어 sigeusyeosseo |
식으셨어요 sigeusyeosseoyo |
식으셨습니까 sigeusyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 식으시라 sigeusira |
식으셔 sigeusyeo |
식으세요 sigeuseyo |
식으십시오 sigeusipsio | |
| Assertive | 식으시겠다 sigeusigetda |
식으시겠어 sigeusigesseo |
식으시겠어요 sigeusigesseoyo |
식으시겠습니다 sigeusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 식으셔 sigeusyeo |
식으셔서 sigeusyeoseo |
식으시니 sigeusini |
식으시니까 sigeusinikka | |
| Contrast | 식으시지만 sigeusijiman |
식으시는데 sigeusineunde |
식으시더니 sigeusideoni |
||
| Conjunction | 식으시고 sigeusigo |
||||
| Condition | 식으시면 sigeusimyeon |
식으셔야 sigeusyeoya |
|||
| Motive | 식으시려고 sigeusiryeogo |
||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 식으심 sigeusim |
식으시기 sigeusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 식으셨음 sigeusyeosseum |
식으셨기 sigeusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 식으신 sigeusin | |||
| Present | 식으시는 sigeusineun | ||||
| Future | 식으실 sigeusil | ||||