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Substantivized Middle Persian oblique plural (-ān suffix) of 𐭠𐭩𐭫(ēr-, “Iranian”), giving "of the Iranians".[1] Middle Persian adjective ēr- reflects Old Iranian adjective *arya-, as found in Old Persian𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹(a-r-i-y/ariyaʰ/, “Iranian”) and Avestan𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀(airiia, “Iranian”).[1] See Proto-Indo-Iranian*áryas for further etymology.
The term is first attested in the early 3rd-century trilingual (Middle Persian, Parthian, Greek) inscriptions of Ardašīr I,[1] founder of the Sassanian dynasty. In those inscriptions, the Parthian equivalent is aryān (ʾryʾn), which is similarly formed from Parthian ary (ʾr(y)) + oblique plural suffix -ān. The Greek version reads arianōn ethnous.
of, or pertaining to, the Iranian peoples, i.e. the Iranian nation.
The following fragment is from the Middle Persian part of the trilingual (Middle Persian, Parthian, Greek) inscription inscription of Ardašīr I, circa. 225 CE, that accompanies Ardašīr's investiture relief at Naqsh-i Rustam:
pahikar ēn mazdēsn bag Artaxšēr šāhān šāh ērān kē čihr az yazdān pus bag Pābag šāh
The image, this, of the Mazda-worshipping, divine Artakhshatr, king of the kings of the Iranians, of divine origin from the yazatas, son of the divine Pābag, the king.
the Sassanian state, A former kingdom in Western Asia, ruled by Iranians; abbreviated form of 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩(ērānšahr, literally “kingdom of (i.e. ruled by) Iranians”)
Usage notes
The distinction is between nation and state. Initially, ērān signified peoples/culture, i.e. the Iranian nation, and subsequently developed into the name of a political entity.[1] The antonymic 𐭠𐭭𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭(anērān), originally meaning "non-Iranians", underwent a parallel development.