๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ

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Prakrit

Alternative forms

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ข๐‘€ญ (kฤtara).

Adjective

๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ (kฤyara) (Devanagari เค•เคพเคฏเคฐ, Gujarati เช•เชพเชฏเชฐ) (Ardhamฤgadhฤซ)

  1. timid, cowardly
    • Prฤkแน›ta-sลซkta-ratna-mฤlฤ 58:
      ๐‘€š๐‘€-๐‘€˜๐‘€บ๐‘€ฌ ๐‘€ฏ๐‘€บ๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ๐‘€ก๐‘€ธ ๐‘€ฎ๐‘€บ๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ๐‘€…๐‘€ ๐‘€ข๐‘€-๐‘€˜๐‘€บ๐‘€ฌ ๐‘€ง๐‘€ญ๐‘€บ๐‘€ก๐‘€ซ๐‘€‡ ๐‘€ฒ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ฎ-๐‘€ฎ๐‘„๐‘€•๐‘€ฒ๐‘†๐‘€ฒ๐‘‡
      ๐‘€‡๐‘€ฌ ๐‘€š๐‘€ธ๐‘€ก๐‘‚๐‘€ฏ๐‘€บ-๐‘€ณ๐‘€ผ ๐‘€ฅ๐‘€ป๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ ๐‘€ฏ๐‘€บ๐‘€ณ๐‘€ผ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ฏ๐‘€บ ๐‘€ฆ ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ ๐‘€ณ๐‘€ผ๐‘€๐‘€ข๐‘€บ๐‘ˆ
      jaแนƒ-ciya vihiแน‡ฤ lihiaแนƒ taแนƒ-ciya pariแน‡amaรฏ sayala-logassa.
      iya jฤแน‡evi-hu dhฤซrฤ vihurevi na kฤyarฤ huแนƒti.
      • 1919 translation by Puran Chand Nahar
        Knowing that whatever is written by destiny, comes to pass all persons,
        the wise though in a difficulty, never become depressed.

Declension

Maharastri declension of ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ (masculine)
singular plural
Nominative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘„ (kฤyaro) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ)
Accusative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ (kฤyaraแนƒ) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚ (kฤyare) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ)
Instrumental ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ก (kฤyareแน‡a) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ก๐‘€ (kฤyareแน‡aแนƒ) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ (kฤyarehi) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ๐‘€ (kฤyarehiแนƒ)
Dative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€… (kฤyarฤa) โ€”
Ablative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‘ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‰ (kฤyarฤu) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ (kฤyarฤhi) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ๐‘€๐‘€ข๐‘„ (kฤyarฤhiแนƒto) โ€”
Genitive ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ฒ๐‘†๐‘€ฒ (kฤyarassa) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ก (kฤyarฤแน‡a) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ก๐‘€ (kฤyarฤแน‡aแนƒ)
Locative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ซ๐‘†๐‘€ซ๐‘€บ (kฤyarammi) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚ (kฤyare) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ฒ๐‘€ผ (kฤyaresu) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ฒ๐‘€ผ๐‘€ (kฤyaresuแนƒ)
Vocative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ (kฤyara) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ)
Maharastri declension of ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (feminine)
singular plural
Nominative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‘ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‰ (kฤyarฤu) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ)
Accusative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ (kฤyaraแนƒ) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‘ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‰ (kฤyarฤu) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ)
Instrumental ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ (kฤyarฤe) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‡ (kฤyarฤi) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€… (kฤyarฤa) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ (kฤyarฤhi) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ๐‘€ (kฤyarฤhiแนƒ)
Dative โ€” โ€”
Ablative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‘ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‰ (kฤyarฤu) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ๐‘€๐‘€ข๐‘„ (kฤyarฤhiแนƒto)
Genitive ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ (kฤyarฤe) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‡ (kฤyarฤi) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€… (kฤyarฤa) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ก (kฤyarฤแน‡a) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ก๐‘€ (kฤyarฤแน‡aแนƒ)
Locative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ (kฤyarฤe) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‡ (kฤyarฤi) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€… (kฤyarฤa) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฒ๐‘€ผ (kฤyarฤsu) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฒ๐‘€ผ๐‘€ (kฤyarฤsuแนƒ)
Vocative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚ (kฤyare) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‘ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‰ (kฤyarฤu) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ)
Maharastri declension of ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ (neuter)
singular plural
Nominative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ (kฤyaraแนƒ) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‡๐‘€ (kฤyarฤiแนƒ) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‡ (kฤyarฤi)
Accusative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ (kฤyaraแนƒ) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‡๐‘€ (kฤyarฤiแนƒ) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‡ (kฤyarฤi)
Instrumental ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ก (kฤyareแน‡a) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ก๐‘€ (kฤyareแน‡aแนƒ) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ (kฤyarehi) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ๐‘€ (kฤyarehiแนƒ)
Dative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€… (kฤyarฤa) โ€”
Ablative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‘ (kฤyarฤo) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‰ (kฤyarฤu) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ (kฤyarฤhi) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ณ๐‘€บ๐‘€๐‘€ข๐‘„ (kฤyarฤhiแนƒto) โ€”
Genitive ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ฒ๐‘†๐‘€ฒ (kฤyarassa) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ก (kฤyarฤแน‡a) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€ก๐‘€ (kฤyarฤแน‡aแนƒ)
Locative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ซ๐‘†๐‘€ซ๐‘€บ (kฤyarammi) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚ (kฤyare) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ฒ๐‘€ผ (kฤyaresu) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘‚๐‘€ฒ๐‘€ผ๐‘€ (kฤyaresuแนƒ)
Vocative ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ (kฤyara) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ (kฤyarฤ) ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‡๐‘€ (kฤyarฤiแนƒ) or ๐‘€“๐‘€ธ๐‘€ฌ๐‘€ญ๐‘€ธ๐‘€‡ (kฤyarฤi)

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  • Sheth, Hargovind Das T (1923โ€“1928) โ€œเค•เคพเคฏเคฐโ€, in เคชเคพเค‡เค…-เคธเคฆเฅเคฆ-เคฎเคนเคฃเฅเคฃเคตเฅ‹ [pฤia-sadda-mahaแน‡แน‡avo, Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: , page 237.
  • Pischel, Richard, Jha, Subhadra (contributor) (1957) Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Varanasi: Motilal Banarasidass, page 154
  • Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969โ€“1985) โ€œkฤyaraโ€, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 154