Uncertain and problematic. Has been traditionally considered a cognate of Ancient Greek ฮฑแฝฮดฮฎ (audแธ, โvoice, speechโ) and Sanskrit เคตเคฆเคคเคฟ (vรกdati, โto say, speakโ) from presumed Proto-Indo-European *hโwodhโ- (โto speakโ).[1]
Kloekhorst derives it instead from Proto-Indo-European *wethโ- (โto sayโ), making it a cognate of Latin vetล (โto advise not toโ) and Welsh dweud (โto sayโ).[2]
The word shows preservation of the original PIE heteroclitic inflection with secondary hysterodynamic accentuation of an originally proterodynamic word (similar to Hittite ๐๐๐ฏ (e-eลก-แธซar /โ ฤลกแธซarโ /, โbloodโ) and Hittite ๐๐ป (pรกt-tar /โ pattarโ /, โwingโ)).
๐๐ป โข (ut-tar /uttar/) n
Beside syllabograms, the Sumerogram ๐ (INIM) was also used, especially so for the sense of "(legal) matter, affair".
dat_pl_cu=๐๐๐พ๐๐ธPlease see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
Broad transcription | ||
---|---|---|
heteroclitic noun | ||
Neuter gender | Singular | Plural |
nominative | uttar | uttฤr |
accusative | uttar | uttฤr |
genitive | uddanaลก | uddanฤลก |
dative-locative | uddani | uddanฤลก |
allative | uddana | โ |
ablative | uddanaz(a) | uddanaz(a) |
instrumental | uddanta, uddanit | uddanta, uddanit |
Cuneiform | ||
---|---|---|
heteroclitic noun | ||
Neuter gender | Singular | Plural |
nominative | ๐๐ป | ๐๐๐๐ |
ut-tar | ut-ta-a-ar | |
accusative | ๐๐ป | ๐๐๐๐ |
ut-tar | ut-ta-a-ar | |
genitive | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ | ๐๐๐พ๐๐ธ |
ud-da-na-aลก | ud-da-na-a-aลก | |
dative-locative | ๐๐๐ | ud-da-na-a-aลก |
ud-da-ni | ud-da-na-a-aลก | |
allative | ๐๐๐พ | โ |
ud-da-na | ||
ablative | ๐๐๐พ๐ | ๐๐๐พ๐ |
ud-da-na-az | ud-da-na-az | |
instrumental | ๐๐๐ญ๐ซ, ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐ญ๐ซ, ๐๐๐๐ |
ud-da-an-ta, ud-da-ni-it | ud-da-an-ta, ud-da-ni-it | |
The desinences in this table have been normalized. For alternative endings see Appendix:Hittite declension |