-ʼĮĮD

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See also: iid, i.i.d., and -ʼįįd

Etymology 1

The future and optative modes use expletive stems from the root -YAA.

Verb bases with thematized d-classifier are often re-analyzed as -classifier stems (*d-ʼįįh = *∅-tʼįįh), as evidenced by the perfective forms using ∅/ł-class subject prefixes rather than the d/l-class ones.

Root

-ʼĮĮD

This root shows a wide range of semantic themes as it relates to such broad categories as "making" and "acting". The actual meaning often relies on thematic prefix compounds.

  1. act
    1. (ʼá-) to do it; to do thus; (mediopassive) to make one's own; (causative-reflexive) to turn into, to become.
    2. (d-) to be the cause of an event; to be getting along, to be doing (good or bad).
    3. (ni- + ł-) to take possession of, to make something one's own.
    4. (ʼá-/kó- + ha- + d-) to happen, to take place.
    5. Misc. thematic
      1. (tí-) to injure; to deprive oneself, to self-sacrifice.
      2. (choini-) to be useful; to use.
      3. (kééha-) to live.
      4. (yiní-) to discuss, to bother, to harass.
      5. (bi-) to imitate.
      6. (ʼáhodi-) to pretend, to fake, to play like.
      7. to pay attention.
      8. (ʼááhoo-) to quit, to surrender.
  2. wealthy (root -TʼĮĮD?)
    1. (d- thematized) to be wealthy.
  3. dislike
    1. (∅-) to dislike, to oppose, to be picky.
    2. (d-) to be denied to (as a right to someone); to be lost (as eyesight or a relative to someone).

Stem set

Aspect IMP PERF FUT ITER OPT
MOM -ʼįįh -ʼįįd -nííł -ʼįįh -neʼ
DUR -ʼį́ -ʼįįd -nííł -ʼįįh -neʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root -ʼĮĮD (make)

Navajo terms belonging to the root -ʼĮĮD (wealthy)

Navajo terms belonging to the root -ʼĮĮD (dislike)

Etymology 2

Probably related to -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ, “to see, to look”.

Root

-ʼĮĮD

  1. bark

Stem set

Aspect IMP PERF FUT ITER OPT
MOM -ʼįįh -ʼįįd -ʼįįł -ʼįįh -ʼįįh
DUR -ʼin -ʼįįd -ʼįįł -ʼįįh -ʼįįʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root -ʼĮĮD (bark)